As part of the BRIDGE project, local polarisation audits are being conducted in 13 European local authorities. Efus will make the feedback from these experiences and the resulting recommendations available to the whole network . It is an important first step to provide local authorities with tools to respond to this multifaceted and complex phenomenon, which is set to become an increasingly important aspect of urban security.

Objective lenses can have just a couple of lens elements, (an achromat and simple lens, for example) or multiple groups of elements. Even two microscope objectives with the same magnification can have a completely different design, as shown in Figure 1.

Spolarisation

It is generally agreed that the polarisation of our societies into antagonistic and increasingly  “enemy” groups corrodes social cohesion and security, which provides a breeding ground for radicalisation. Identifying polarisation in order to reduce it therefore appears an appropriate preventive approach in order to counter early radical trends before they become full-fledged and turn into violence.

Microscope objective lenses are a crucial part of a microscope, responsible for magnifying the specimen being observed. They are used to gather light from the object being observed and focus the light rays to produce a real image. The objective lens is one of the most important parts of a microscope, as it determines the microscope’s basic performance and function [3].

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Many local governments throughout Europe lack a deep and detailed knowledge of the processes of polarisation in their territory. Research on polarisation and policy strategies to address it are fast developing, yet remain at an early stage. The resulting lack of clarity on definitions and concepts as well as the prevalence, dynamics, impacts and spatial and temporal distribution of such phenomena within a municipality’s or region’s territory is problematic because such information would ensure adequate allocation of resources as well as the development of effective prevention measures. Increasing knowledge and evidence on the topic of polarisation is thus of paramount importance.

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The city of Liege has been working for several years on the issue of radicalisation, notably through Efus-led European projects. > What are the challenges and issues linked…

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Where R is the resolution, ? is the light wavelength, n is the refractive index, and θ is the half angle of the acceptance light cone (NA is the numerical angle defined as sin(θ)). For example, a microscope objective that works with visible light, with air surrounding the sample, and an acceptance half-angle cone of 72-degrees, will have a minimum resolution of 256 nm. If we surround the sample in a liquid with a refractive index of 1.5, our resolution will improve to 171 nm.

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Polarisation as used in some academic literature refers to “the widening of the gap between specific groups of people in terms of their economic or social circumstances and opportunities” (Woodward 1995). In a more recent adaptation of the term, the EU Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) refers to a “process where groups in society become adversaries when there is a sharp psychological division between ‘us and them’. Alienation and hostilities are growing, resulting in a political climate where prejudices, hate speech and even hate crime flourish” (RAN 2017).

The magnification of the objective lens can vary, depending on the intended use of the microscope. For example, objective lenses for biological applications typically range from 4x to 100x, while those used for metallurgical applications can range up to 200x or more [1].

The fifth webinar of the PRACTICIES project was a presentation of the “Digital Me” tool developed by the Brussels-based association MAKS (Media Actie Kuregem) to encourage young people…

The microscope objective will show the manufacturer (not shown in the figure), followed by the type of aberration correction; in our image, we have a “Plan Achromat” which produces a flat surface at the image plane and achromat for the type of chromatic aberration.

Most studies point out the fact that the weakening of social cohesion is a factor of polarisation: when citizens feel they are not listened to or heard, not represented in the institutions and power groups and left behind by the economy, they tend to take refuge in closed-off opinion groups that exclude all those perceived as “others”.

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In previous entries, we have talked about the design of scanning microscopes, infinity corrected microscopes, confocal microscope design, and Koehler illumination systems-a common illumination system in microscopes. The most essential microscope element in a borescope design is the objective lens.

Most off the shelf microscope objectives have several body markings to better identify them. Typical markings can be seen in Figure 2.

In the previous calculation, I assumed an angle of acceptance of 72-degrees with a reasonable upper limit when working with air (that angle gives us a NA of 0.95). However, by immersing the sample and microscope in oil or another liquid, it is possible to have a larger NA. This affects not only the resolution of our image but also its brightness (the brightness is calculated as the square of its NA).

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It is important to distinguish between polarisation and radicalisation. The Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) describes radicalisation as “the process where individuals or factions of these polarised groups grow further towards the acceptance and use of violent extremism and ultimately terrorism.” It concludes, consequently, that polarisation can potentially lead to radicalisation in certain occasions. Radicalisation and extremism have become the most common terms used to refer to the dynamics by which individuals, groups, and mass opinion are moved to support or participate in political violence. However, while the dynamics of violence can involve radical or extremist ideas and beliefs, the link between these and violent extremist behaviour is not linear, automatic, or one-way. Radicalisation of ideas and actions are not identical. 99% of those with radical ideas never act; not all who hold radical beliefs engage in illegal acts. But what is clear is that some political groups and parties exploit polarisation to radicalise the political debate and, for some, fuel violence.

In cases where the objective is not meant to be used in infinity corrected microscopes, there will be a number, usually 160) referring to the length of the microscope tube. Some microscope objectives will show the letters “DIN” which stands for “Deutsche Industrial Normen.” that sets a length of 160 mm.

Since January 2019, Efus has been leading one of the first European projects on this issue: BRIDGE (Building resilience to reduce polarisation and growing extremism) seeks to raise awareness among local actors and provide them with tools to reduce individual and collective vulnerability to radicalisation on the local level, by mitigating polarisation.

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Paris, June 2019 – The term “polarisation” is mentioned ever more frequently in the political and intellectual debate on the main trends that shape our Western societies, particularly since the wave of terrorist attacks over the past few years.

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Comments Section ... The focal length is the focal length, regardless of whether the lens was designed for a FF or APS-C camera. It's the same 1.6 ...

Guilherme Pinto, President of Efus, reacts to the terrorist attacks that took place in France during the week of 7th January. It is with shock and dismay that…

These groups are characterised by an “us and them” or black and white thinking, refusing any otherness (those who do not belong to my gender, ethnic group, political family, religion, etc.). On a fundamental level, social cohesion breaks down when trust disappears and is replaced by fear and anger.

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Efus and the BRIDGE project experts wrote a positioning paper that explores this notion of polarisation. Here are some of the main insights.

Objective lenses for microscopes typically have several components, including the front lens, the rear lens, the aperture, the lens barrel, and the thread. Each component plays an important role in determining the objective’s performance. For example, the aperture determines the resolution and depth of field of the objective lens, while the thread allows the objective to be attached to the microscope.

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The impact of social media in today’s polarisation processes has been fundamental. In recent years, we have witnessed the role that social networks have played in the polarisation process of modern societies and in the development of far-reaching and consequential events. Furthermore, it has been shown that algorithms developed by technological platforms to personalise the information we receive via navigation data generated by each user have become instruments to control the flow of information and exert an increasing influence on public opinion and on the distribution of information. Although apparently innocuous, the implementation of personalised search algorithms and content selection brings the risk of removing information contrary to a user’s points of view, causing a de facto isolation in our own ideological bubble, known as the echo chamber phenomenon or bubble filter. This isolation polarises us more as a society and drastically reduces the opposition to and confrontation of our ideas.

Defining a complex term with as many nuances as polarisation is not easy, especially considering that one of the most extensive causes of polarisation is the oversimplification of reality, leading to a confrontation based on a lack of mutual understanding and de-humanisation of the other. In addition, polarisation might be seen as a regular state of democratic societies. After all, the notion of democracy presupposes a society characterised by differences and conflicting interests. Yet, the term polarisation, as it is understood in recent academic and political debates, does not refer to political, social, cultural and religious diversity and pluralism as such, but to a growing fragmentation of society into antagonistic collectives perceived as opponents in existential questions over the future of society. While democracy is built on shared values and principles and, in ideal cases, social bonds, polarisation relates to a social and political fragmentation of society that puts these certitudes and bonds into question. Preventing polarisation does not aim for homogenisation or the levelling of differences; instead, it aims to foster social cohesion and an inclusive “us” reflected in inter-group trust, reciprocity, solidarity, and connectedness.

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There are three design variables that can help us calculate the microscope objective resolution: the system wavelength, the light cone captured by the objective (also known as numerical aperture), and the refractive index between the first lens of the objective and the sample. This can be expressed by the following formula:

The simplest designs are usually called ‘achromat objectives’ and contain only a front lens and a couple of achromatic doublets to correct for aberrations. On the other hand, we have Apochromat microscope objectives in which several apochromatic doublets are used, in addition to some achromats for a better image quality. For a better explanation of the difference between achromatic and apochromatic lenses, please read the linked articles.

In conclusion, microscope objective lenses are an essential part of a microscope and are used to magnify the specimen being observed. They consist of several components that work together to produce a clear image, and their magnification can vary depending on the intended use of the microscope.

Another specification can be “Plan Fluor” for fluorite and “APO” for apochromatic. Next we have the magnification, numerical aperture, and the immersion medium. As mentioned before, dry objective lenses usually have a NA no larger than 0.95, but that number can be considerably higher in immerse objectives. We next have an infinity symbol, meaning that the lens is infinity corrected.

The fourth “toolbox” webinar presented during the final conference of the PRACTICIES project was the serious game Newscraft developed by the University of Lille / Geriico research centre…

With over 20 years of experience and 800+ unique optical systems designed, Optics for Hire specializes in advanced optical engineering. If it uses light, we've worked on it.