Fashion photography with Dixie Dixon, Visual Storytelling with Joe McNally, Wedding photography with Jerry Ghionis and Sports photography with Rod Mar

Telephoto lenses between 70 – 200mm are very popular lenses for portraiture and product photography as well as nature and wildlife imagery. They allow the photographer to produce close crops on the subject. In the case of portraiture a telephoto allows the photographer to take the photo at a distance that does not intrude upon the subject.

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Focal length, usually represented in millimeters (mm), is the basic description of a photographic lens. It is not a measurement of the actual length of a lens, but a calculation of an optical distance from the point where light rays converge to form a sharp image of an object to the digital sensor or 35mm film at the focal plane in the camera. The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity.

(a) Deduce the expression, by drawing a suitable ray diagram, for the refractive index of a triangular glass prisms in terms of the angle of minimum deviation (D) and the angle of prism (A). Draw a plot showing the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence. (b) Calculate the value of the angle of incidence when a ray of light incident on one face of an equilateral glass prism produces the emergent ray, which just grazes along the adjacent face. Refractive index of prism is √2

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These lenses provide a good range for wildlife and sports photography where the photographer is limited as to how close they can get to the subject.

Fashion photography with Dixie Dixon, Visual Storytelling with Joe McNally, Wedding photography with Jerry Ghionis and Sports photography with Rod Mar

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Wide angle lenses are popular lenses for landscape photography, interiors, large group photos and when working in confined situations.

Draw a neat diagram for the passage of a ray of light through an equilateral glass prism, showing clearly (a) angle of incidence (b) angle of emergence ( c ) angle of deviation (d) angle of prism

Prime lenses also tend to have a larger maximum aperture (f/1.4 to f/2.8). This is an advantage when shooting in low light conditions as it will increase the possibility of hand holding the camera and freezing the subject without shake or blur caused by the longer exposures. Photographing using prime lenses with large apertures also means you can get a shallow depth of field which is useful for portraiture where you might want a softer or blurred background (also known as bokeh).

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Explain the refraction of light through a triangular glass prism using a labelled ray diagram. Hence define the angle of diviation.

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Draw a ray diagram showing the path of a ray of light entering through a triangular glass prism. Deduce the expression for the refractive index of glass prism in terms of the angle of minimum deviation and angle of the prism.

Explain the refraction of light through a triangular glass prism using a labelled ray diagram. Hence define the angle of deviation.

(a) Deduce the expression, by drawing a suitable ray diagram, for the refractive index of a triangular glass prisms in terms of the angle of minimum deviation (D) and the angle of prism (A). Draw a plot showing the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence. (b) Calculate the value of the angle of incidence when a ray of light incident on one face of an equilateral glass prism produces the emergent ray, which just grazes along the adjacent face. Refractive index of prism is √2

10mmlens

Explain the refraction of light through a triangular glass prism using a labelled ray diagram. Hence define the angle of diviation.

Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification. The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view and the lower the magnification.

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(a) Draw the ray diagram showing refraction of ray of light through a glass prism. Derive the expression for the refractive index n of the material of prism in terms of the angle A ray angle of minimum deviation δm (b) A ray of light PQ enters an isosceles right angles prism ABC of refractive index 1.5 as shown in figure . (i) Trace the path of the ray through the prism . (ii) What will be the effect on the path of the ray if refractive index of the prism is 1.4 ?

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Close-up photography uses a specific range of lenses that allow up to 1:1 reproduction. These lenses allow the photographer to focus very close to the subject and reproduce them at a 1:1 life-size ratio on film or an imaging sensor. These lenses are popular for subjects such as flowers, insects and small products.

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(a) Draw a ray diagram showing the passage of light through a glass prism. Hence obtain a relation between the angles of deviation, incidence and emergence and angle of prism. (b) Show that no ray can pass through a prism whose refracting angle A is greater than twice the critical angle for the material of the prism.

(a) Draw a ray diagram showing the passage of light through a glass prism. Hence obtain a relation between the angles of deviation, incidence and emergence and angle of prism. (b) Show that no ray can pass through a prism whose refracting angle A is greater than twice the critical angle for the material of the prism.

There are two types of lenses-prime and zoom. Prime lenses have a fixed focal length and zoom lenses have variable focal lengths.

Standard lenses are popular as they are closest to the angle of view we humans see. These lenses have minimal distortion, which can be flattering to the subject. They tend to use large apertures and allow a lot of light to enter the lens which makes them fast in low light conditions. Large apertures (f/1.8 – f/1.4) also produce a pleasing out-of-focus effect to the background which concentrates the attention of the viewer on the subject. Standard lenses are the popular choice for a wide range of photography including portraiture, nature and low light situations where the photographer can not use a flash or is looking to capture the scene with available light.

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The main advantages of prime lenses or fixed focal length lenses are their size and weight as well as their maximum aperture or f/stop. Prime lenses tend to be more compact and lightweight than zoom lenses.