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Thorlabs offers the R3L3S1P positive target composed of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern etched on soda lime glass, useful for front-lit and general applications, with a clear soda lime substrate background for for front-lit and general applications. Alternatively, the R3L3S1N negative target uses low-reflectivity chrome to cover the substrate, leaving the pattern itself clear, and works well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications. The R3L3S1PR positive reflective target is composed of a dark low-reflectivity chrome pattern on a chrome background; the high contrast between the pattern and the background makes this target ideal for reflective applications. See the Graphs tab for details.

So, for this lens, when zoomed out at 10mm, the widest aperture is f/3.5, but when zoomed in to 22mm, the widest possible aperture is f/4.5:

On the side of your DSLR lens, you will see the letters AF/MF (Canon) or M+A/M (Nikon) with a small white line and switch beneath. This switch will allow you to change your lens from Autofocus to Manual focus:

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The diagram to the right illustrates the resolution limit of a system. The line pair imaged by the camera on the left cannot be resolved; the two lines are registered by adjacent pixels on the camera sensor, causing them to appear as a single object. In contrast, the line pair on the right has a greater spacing, and thus can be resolved by the system.

Resolution testonline

Thorlabs offers Ronchi ruling targets with resolutions ranging from 10 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter (lp/mm) to 350 lp/mm. These square wave, constant-interval bar and space patterns are fabricated from the deposition of a dark low-reflectivity chrome pattern on a 3.00" x 1.00" x 0.06" (76.2 mm x 25.4 mm x 1.5 mm) soda lime glass substrate. This leaves a large 65 mm x 17 mm clear aperture, and works well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications. The dimensions of the glass substrate are the same as a standard microscope slide. These Ronchi rulings are excellent for evaluating resolution, field distortion, and parfocal stability in optical systems.

Because these targets feature sets of three lines, they reduce the occurrence of spurious resolution and thus help prevent inaccurate resolution measurements. For more information on spurious resolution, please see the Resolution Targets tab.

Thorlabs offers positive and negative 1.5" x 1.5" (38.1 mm x 38.1 mm) resolution test targets that are made by plating low-reflectivity, vacuum sputtered chrome on a soda lime glass substrate. These targets have 8 groups (0 to +7) with 6 elements, offering a maximum resolution of 228.0 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter. For more information on the 1951 USAF pattern, please see the Resolution Targets tab above.

These resolution targets are offered in positive and negative versions. The R2L2S1P1 positive target consists of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern plated on to a clear substrate and is useful for front-lit and general applications. Alternatively, the R2L2S1N1 negative target uses the same low-reflectivity chrome coating to cover the substrate, leaving the pattern itself clear, and works well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications.

NBS 1952 Targets have sets of three vertical lines and sets of three horizontal lines. Each line and the space between it and the next line can be thought of as a line pair or a cycle. The resolution that each target is able to test is given by the frequency of line pairs in line pairs/mm (lp/mm). A list of every frequency available between our two NBS 1952 targets is given in the table below, along with the corresponding line widths.

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What is my screenresolutionAndroid

Image Stabilization (IS - Canon) and Vibration Reduction (VR - Nikon) is a lens technology designed to reduce the effect of camera shake. Not all lenses come equipped with this technology, but you will know if your lens does if you see the abbreviations "IS" or "VR" near the glass on the lens or you see "Image Stabilization" or "Vibration Reduction" on the body of the lens.

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Because this target features sets of three lines, it reduces the occurrence of spurious resolution and thus helps prevent inaccurate resolution measurements. For more information on spurious resolution, please see the Resolution Targets tab.

The target is designed so that it can display both positive and negative patterns by adjusting the orientation of the test target relative to the crossed polarizers. If the polarizers are aligned with the sides of the slide, the positive image will be formed. If the polarizers are aligned at ~45° to the sides of the slide, the negative image will be formed.

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Sometimes, you will see II at the end of the lens name/description. This means it is the second generation of that particular lens. Popular lenses are often improved with a newer version and updated features so they can be sold again to photographers who want to upgrade.

These resolution targets have a series of horizontal and vertical lines that are used to determine the resolution of an imaging system. A set of six elements (horizontal and vertical line pairs) are in one group, and ten groups compose the resolution chart. The image below shows Elements 2 and 3 of Group -2 on a resolution target.

All of our resolution test target patterns are manufactured using photolithography and available as positive targets; and many have negative versions as well. We also offer several versions of high-contrast positive reflective targets. The positive targets consist of low-reflectivity, vacuum-sputtered chrome patterns plated on clear substrates and are useful for front-lit and general applications. The negative targets use low-reflectivity chrome to cover the substrates, leaving the patterns clear, and work well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications. The positive reflective targets are composed of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern etched on soda lime glass with a chrome background for high contrast in reflective applications. See the Graphs tab for spectral data of the materials used in these test targets.

The pattern on this target is made from plating low-reflectivity, vacuum-sputtered chrome on a 0.06" (1.5 mm) thick soda lime glass substrate to achieve an optical density of ≥3.0 at 430 nm. The dark pattern and clear substrate are useful for front-lit and general applications.

These resolution targets are offered in positive and negative versions. The R2L2S1P positive target consists of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern plated on to a clear substrate and is useful for front-lit and general applications. Alternatively, the R2L2S1N negative target uses the same low-reflectivity chrome to cover the substrate, leaving the pattern itself clear, and works well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications.

Thorlabs offers two dedicated sector star targets (R1L1S2P and R1L1S3P) and three targets that include sector stars along with other patterns (R1L3S5P, R1L1S1P, and R1L1S1N). The table below summarizes the sector star pattern on each target.

Resolution test targets are typically used to measure the resolution of an imaging system. They consist of reference line patterns with well-defined thicknesses and spacings and are designed to be placed in the same plane as the object being imaged. By identifying the largest set of non-distinguishable lines, one determines the resolving power of a given system. Thorlabs offers resolution test targets with 1951 USAF, NBS 1952, and NBS 1963A patterns. Targets are also available with sector star (also known as Siemens star) patterns, Ronchi rulings, a variable line grating, or a combination of patterns for resolution and distortion testing. For more information on each pattern, see the Resolution Targets tab.

The pattern on this target is made from plating low-reflectivity, vacuum-sputtered chrome on a 0.06" (1.5 mm) thick soda lime glass substrate to achieve an optical density of ≥3 at 430 nm. The dark pattern and clear substrate are useful for front-lit and general applications.

As you can see, this Sigma lens has a 67mm diameter; therefore, if you are looking for filters or a new lens hood, you would need to make sure you are purchasing ones that fit a 67mm diameter lens.

NBS 1963A Targets have line sets of five vertical and five horizontal lines. Each line and the space between it and the next line can be thought of as a line pair or a cycle. The resolution that each target is able to test is given by the frequency of the cycles in cycles/mm. On Thorlabs' NBS 1963A targets, each line set is labeled with its frequency. By determining the smallest lines that are distinguishable (highest cycles/mm), you can determine the resolution of an imaging system.

Thorlabs offers a birefringent 1" x 3" (25.4 mm x 76.2 mm) 1951 USAF resolution test target that is made by sandwiching a birefringent pattern between a soda lime glass slide and a Schott D 263®† M cover slip. The R3L1S1B target features eight groups (0 to 7) with six elements per group, offering a maximum resolution of 57.0 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter. The test pattern is only observable if the target is placed between a pair of crossed polarizers, as shown in the image to the right. See the Resolution Targets tab above for more details on the test pattern.

We do not suggest using a towel, rag, or wipe to dry the surface. If contamination persists, soak the reticle or target in a detergent and water solution for 1 hour, repeating as necessary.

Thorlabs offers positive and negative 3" x 1" (76.2 mm x 25.4 mm) resolution test targets that are made by plating vacuum-sputtered low-reflectivity chrome on a soda lime glass substrate. The single targets (Item #s R3L1S4P1 and R3L1S4N1) each have 8 groups (0 to +7) with 6 elements. The wheel pattern targets (Item #s R3L1S4P, R3L1S4N, and R3L1S4PR) have nine 1951 USAF targets, each with 6 groups (+2 to +7). Both sets have a maximum resolution of 228.0 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter. For more information on the 1951 USAF pattern, please see the Resolution Targets tab above.

Resolution TestChrome extension

Our standard NBS 1963A targets offer 26 line sets with resolutions scaled from 1.0 cycles/mm to 18.0 cycles/mm. For more rigorous resolution testing, our high-frequency NBS 1963A targets have 48 line sets with frequencies from 1.0 cycles/mm to 228 cycles/mm, and our R1L3S5P combined resolution and distortion test target has 35 line sets with frequencies from 4.5 cycles/mm to 228 cycles/mm. The size of each cycle is simply the reciprocal of the frequency and is given for all available frequencies in the table below. For the individual line width, divide the cycle size in half.

Thorlabs offers positive and negative 18 mm x 18 mm x 1.5 mm combined resolution / distortion test targets that are made by low-reflectivity, vacuum-sputtered chrome with an optical density of ≥3 at 430 nm on a soda lime glass substrate. They are ideal for calibration of imaging systems and microscope stages.

The R1L1S7P positive target consists of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern plated on to a clear substrate and is useful for front-lit and general applications. Alternatively, the R1L1S7N negative target uses the same low-reflectivity chrome coating to cover the substrate, leaving the pattern itself clear, and works well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications.

Because of its polarization sensitivity, this resolution target is ideal for calibrating and testing the resolution of our birefringence imaging system and microscopes, polarizing microscopes, microscopes with a Nomarski mode, polarization imaging systems, or Mueller Matrix polarimeters.

Thorlabs offers a birefringent 2" x 2" (50.8 mm x 50.8 mm) NBS 1963A resolution test target that is made by sandwiching a birefringent pattern between a glass substrate and protective glass, both made from N-BK7. The test pattern is only observable if the target is placed between a pair of crossed polarizers (see image to the right).

Thorlabs offers positive and negative Ø1" (Ø25.4 mm) resolution test targets that are made by plating low-reflectivity, vacuum sputtered chrome on a soda lime glass substrate. These targets are available with either 6 groups (+2 to +7) or 8 groups (0 to +7), each with 6 elements, offering a maximum resolution of 228.0 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter. We also offer wheel pattern targets that have nine 1951 USAF targets, each with 6 groups (+2 to +7). For more information on the 1951 USAF pattern and available configurations, please see the Resolution Targets tab above.

This target has 26 sets of five horizontal and five vertical lines. Each set of lines is labeled with a number, which refers to the number of cycles per mm. With a maximum frequency of 18 cycles/mm, the smallest cycles are only 0.0556 mm. For more information, please see the Resolution Targets tab above. Since the pattern is only visible through crossed polarizers, the target is inscribed with two rectangles for reference. The image on the far right shows the pattern placement with respect to these inscribed rectangles.

Optical filters used in laser-based imaging systems such as confocal and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopes have specific requirements.

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Thorlabs' 3" x 1" (76.2 mm x 25.4 mm) NBS 1952 Resolution Target offers 48 sets of lines with 24 different frequencies ranging from 2.4 to 80 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter (lp/mm), as listed in the table below. In the center of the NBS 1952 target is a crosshair with a length and width of 610 µm and two concentric circles with diameters of 250 µm and 500 µm. Because the line sets on this target are arranged such that every resolution can be viewed by traveling in only one direction (either horizontally or vertically) along the pattern, the resolution of an optical system can be determined with one pass. For more information about the NBS 1952 pattern, please see the Resolution Targets tab above.

Mounting These resolution test targets can be mounted in one of four of our microscopy slide holders. Our MAX3SLH Fixed Slide Holder provides two spring clips to mount the optic and can be mounted to any of our 3-axis translation stages. The MAX3SLH is only compatible with test targets greater than or equal to 2" wide and provides a clear aperture of 1", which may cover the chrome pattern on some of the test targets. Thorlabs also offers our XYF1(/M) Test Target Positioning Mount (see photo to the right) capable of translating a 1" to 3" wide rectangular target over a 50 mm x 30 mm area. The mount offers five 8-32 (M4) taps for six post-mountable orientations. The XYF1 uses nylon-tipped setscrews to secure the optic. Please note that the mount's support arms overlap the optic by 4.4 mm on each side. For users of the MLS203 Microscopy stage we offer the MLS203P2 Slide Holder for Inverted Microscopes, which can mount slides 25 mm to 26.5 mm wide and petri dishes 30 mm to 60 mm in diameter.

The resolution of an imaging system is often specified in line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm), where a line pair is one light line and one dark line. This value represents the smallest distance between two objects that can be registered by the system; a higher value in lp/mm means the distance between each pair of lines is smaller.

Thorlabs' R3L1S4P1 and R3L1S4P positive targets are composed of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern etched on clear soda lime glass, useful for front-lit and general applications. Alternatively, the R3L1S4N1 and R3L1S4N negative targets use low-reflectivity chrome to cover the substrate, leaving the pattern itself clear, and work well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications. The R3L1S4PR positive reflective target is composed of a dark low-reflectivity chrome pattern on a chrome background; the high contrast between the pattern and the background makes this target ideal for reflective applications. See the Graphs tab for details.

The test targets include an NBS 1963A pattern, a sector (Siemens) star, concentric circles, grids, Ronchi rulings, and more (see table below). These targets are useful for testing resolution, field distortion, focus errors, and astigmatism. The NBS 1963A, sector star, and concentric circle targets are useful for measuring imaging resolution. For more information, please see our Resolution Targets page. The grids can be used to measure the distortion introduced by an imaging system. The Ronchi rulings are excellent for evaluating resolution, field distortion, and parfocal stability.

Not all lenses have the same diameter, and knowing the diameter of YOUR lens is essential when purchasing lens filters and lens hoods.

The number, letters, and symbols described above are the most common, but there are plenty of less common abbreviations used by different lens manufacturers.

Thorlabs offers the R1L3S6P positive target composed of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern etched on clear soda lime glass, useful for front-lit and general applications. The R1L3S6PR positive reflective target is composed of a dark low-reflectivity chrome pattern on a chrome background; the high contrast between the pattern and the background makes this target ideal for reflective applications. See the Graphs tab for details.

Thorlabs offers positive and negative 1" x 1" (25.4 mm x 25.4 mm) resolution test targets that are made by plating low-reflectivity, vacuum sputtered chrome on a soda lime glass substrate. These targets have 8 groups (0 to +7) with 6 elements, offering a maximum resolution of 228.0 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter. For more information on the 1951 USAF pattern, please see the Resolution Targets tab above.

Resolution testfree

These resolution targets are offered in positive and negative versions. The R1L1S1P positive target consists of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern plated on to a clear substrate and is useful for front-lit and general applications. Alternatively, the R1L1S1N negative target uses the same low-reflectivity chrome coating to cover the substrate, leaving the pattern itself clear, and works well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications.

Thorlabs' 2" x 2" (50.8 mm x 50.8 mm) high-frequency NBS 1963A resolution test targets offer 48 line sets with frequencies from 1 to 228 cycles/mm, corresponding to cycle sizes from 1.0 mm to 4.4 µm (see the table below and the Resolution Targets tab for more information). Each set of lines on the pattern contains five horizontal and five vertical lines and is labeled with the frequency of the lines in cycles/mm, as shown in the images to the right. The resolution of an optical system can be determined by identifying the highest frequency line set that the system is able to resolve.

Sector star targets, also known as Siemens star targets, consist of a number of dark bars that increase in thickness as they radiate out from a shared center. The blank spaces between the bars can themselves be thought of as light bars, and they are designed to be the same thickness as the dark bars at any given radial distance. Theoretically, the bars meet only at the exact middle point of the target. Some sector star targets, including all those sold on this page, have a blank center circle that cuts the bars off before they touch. However, depending on the resolution of the optical system through which the targets are viewed, the bars will appear to touch at some distance from the center. By measuring this distance, the user is able to define the resolution of the optical system.

Photolithographic Target Manufacturing Our extensive production capabilities enable us to provide solutions for imaging system calibration and measurements. We use contact photolithography with a mask aligner to define the pattern on the glass substrate. Once the pattern is defined, we chemically etch the substrates and clean them in a class 100 cleanroom.

The positive targets with Item # suffixes P, P1, and P2 consist of low-reflectivity chrome patterns plated onto a clear substrate and are useful for front-lit and general applications. Alternatively, the negative targets with Item # suffixes N, N1, and N2 use the same low-reflectivity chrome coating to cover the substrate, leaving the pattern itself clear, and work well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications.

The advantage of one-pass scanning is made possible by the arrangement of the line sets on these targets. The horizontal and vertical line sets are arranged in an identical fashion, with identical frequencies, such that the target is symmetric across a diagonal line from the upper left to the lower right. If one scans from left to right or from top to bottom on the target, the frequency of the lines will increase until the center is reached and then decrease to the opposite edge. Whether done horizontally or vertically, this single pass across the full pattern covers each frequency available on the target. Thus, movement in only one direction is required to determine the resolution of an optical system.

Do you have any questions or comments about Understanding Your Lens? Leave us a comment below - we would LOVE to hear from you! And PLEASE SHARE our tutorial using the social sharing buttons (we really appreciate it)!

If you are unsure what any of those other abbreviations mean, a quick Google search should tell you exactly what you have.

The test targets include a 1951 USAF pattern (Groups 2 - 7), a sector star, concentric circles, grids (100 µm, 50 µm, and 10 µm), and Ronchi rulings (30 - 150 lp/mm). These targets are useful for testing resolution, field distortion, focus errors, and astigmatism. The 1951 USAF targets are useful for measuring imaging resolution. For more information, please see the Resolution Targets tab above. The grids can be used to measure image distortion, while the concentric circles are ideal for identifying focus errors, astigmatism, and other aberrations existing in an imaging system. The Ronchi rulings are excellent for evaluating resolution, field distortion, and parfocal stability.

In some cases with zoom lenses, you will see two numbers following the "1:", as in the example below, which shows an aperture range of 1:3.5-4.5. The aperture changes with the zoom's focal length between f/3.5 and f/4.5.

Let's look at an 18-55mm lens as an example. The pair of numbers refers to the focal length range or that particular lens. You can use this lens at its widest angle (18mm), the most zoomed (55mm), or anywhere between 18mm and 55mm.

In general, the letters on the lens are simply used to describe specific features, such as the type of technology the lens uses, the type of camera to which the lens can be mounted, or the grade of the lens.

In addition to our catalog test targets and reticles offered from stock, we can provide custom chrome patterns on soda lime, UV fused silica, or quartz substrates from 8 mm by 8 mm up to 85 mm by 85 mm. Substrates can be cut to shape for your application. Our photolithographic coating process allows us to create chrome features down to 1 µm. A few sample patterns are shown below, which can be made positive or negative, as shown in the image directly below.

Line gratings consist of dark, parallel bars with widths that are equal to the distance between them. In any line grating, one dark bar and one blank space compose a line pair. The resolution of an optical system is dependent on its ability to distinguish adjacent line pairs. Thus, the grating resolution is defined by the number of line pairs in a given amount of space and is typically given in line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm). A variable line grating has some number of grating sections, which increase or decrease in resolution as you move from one to the next. By identifying the highest resolution line grating that an optical system is able to resolve, the user determines the resolution of the system.

Thorlabs offers two 1" (25.4 mm) square targets with positive Sector star (also known as Siemens star) patterns. The R1L1S2P target has 36 bars over 360°. The resolution at the center circle of this target is 57.5 lp/mm. Alternatively, the R1L1S3P target has 72 bars over 360°, and the resolution at the center is 115 lp/mm. Both targets also have a Ø200 µm center circle and are useful for determining the resolution of an optical system by noting how close to the center of the pattern an optical system is able to resolve adjacent bars. For more information about sector star patterns, please see the Resolution Targets tab.

4Kresolution test

Thorlabs offers two 3" x 1" positive variable line gratings with 18 sections of line grating with resolutions ranging from 1.25 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter (lp/mm) to 250 lp/mm. The table below lists each of the available resolutions. The resolution of an optical system can be measured by determining the highest resolution grating with lines that the system is able to resolve.

The R1L3S5P positive 3" x 1" x 0.06" (76.2 mm x 25.4 mm x 1.5 mm) combined resolution / distortion test targets that are made by vacuum-sputtering low-reflectivity chrome with an optical density of ≥3 at 430 nm on a soda lime glass substrate. They are ideal for calibration of imaging systems and microscope stages. They are sized to fit in our MLS203P2 stage slide holder for use with our MLS203 microscope stages.

When you see a 1: followed by a number, this represents the lens's maximum aperture or how wide the opening on your lens is when you take a photo. The smaller the number, the wider the opening (which lets in more light).

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Birefringent Target Manufacturing Our R3L1S1B and R2L2S1B Birefringent Resolution Targets have a pattern that is invisible unless viewed through a pair of crossed polarizers, making them ideal for calibration of polarization-sensitive systems. The pattern is created by using a photo alignment process to set the fast axis of the liquid crystal polymer layer, which is protected by two layers of glass. These devices are engineered so that the fast axis of the overall target is aligned parallel to the side of the glass covers, whereas the fast axis for the patterned area is aligned 45° to this edge. The entire targets have a retardation of 280 ± 20 nm. Additionally, they can display both positive and negative patterns by changing the orientation of the crossed polarizers. If the crossed polarizers are aligned with the sides of the target, the positive image will be formed. If the crossed polarizers are aligned at 45° to the sides of the target, the negative image will be formed.

With line sets of three, these targets offer the advantage of an increased ability to recognize spurious resolution. Spurious resolution occurs when a set of lines is sufficiently blurred such that the overlap appears to form inverted, more distinct lines. This can cause a misreading of the resolution of the optical system, since it will appear that the lines are distinguishable. Spurious resolution also results in the appearance of one less line than exists in the line set. Since the difference between three lines and two is more easily noticed than the difference between five lines and four, for example, it is easier to recognize the occurrence of spurious resolution in targets with sets of only three lines.

The spacing between the lines in each element is equal to the thickness of the line itself. When the target is imaged, the resolution of an imaging system can be determined by viewing the clarity of the horizontal and vertical lines. The largest set of non-distinguishable horizontal and vertical lines determines the resolving power of the imaging system. The chart below lists the number of line pairs per millimeter for a given element within a group based on the equation below. With our resolution targets, the maximum resolution is 228.0 line pairs per millimeter, which equates to roughly 4.4 µm per line pair. The 3" x 3" targets feature ten groups from -2 to +7; the 3" x 1" targets feature eight groups from 0 to +7; the 3" x 1" wheel pattern versions feature nine targets, each with six groups from +2 to +7; the 3" x 1" birefringent target features six group, from 0 to +5; the 1.5" x 1.5" targets feature eight groups from 0 to +7; the 1" x 1" targets feature eight groups from 0 to +7; the 18 mm x 18 mm (0.71" x 0.71") combined targets feature six groups from +2 to +7; the Ø1" targets feature either six groups, from +2 to +7, or eight groups, from 0 to +7; and the Ø1" wheel pattern versions feature six targets, each with six groups from +2 to +7.

The R2L2S4P positive target consists of a low-reflectivity chrome pattern plated on to a clear substrate and is useful for front-lit and general applications. Alternatively, the R2L2S4N negative target uses the same low-reflectivity chrome coating to cover the substrate, leaving the pattern itself clear, and works well in back-lit and highly illuminated applications.

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1920x1080resolution test

The circle with a line through it is a diameter symbol. So when you see this symbol followed by a number, it refers to the diameter of your lens.

These targets offer two main advantages: the minimization of spurious resolution and the feasibility of one-pass scanning. Spurious resolution occurs when a set of lines is sufficiently blurred such that the overlap appears to form inverted, more distinct lines. This can cause a misreading of the resolution of the optical system, since it will appear that the lines are distinguishable. Spurious resolution also results in the appearance of one less line than exists in the line set. Since the difference between three lines and two is more easily noticed than the difference between five lines and four, for example, it is easier to recognize the occurrence of spurious resolution in targets with sets of only three lines.

Thorlabs' 2" x 2" (50.8 mm x 50.8 mm) NBS 1963A resolution test targets offer 26 line sets with frequencies from 1 to 18 cycles/mm, corresponding to cycle sizes from 1.0 mm to 55.6 µm (see the table to the right and the Resolution Targets tab for more information). Each set of lines on the pattern contains five horizontal and five vertical lines and is labeled with the frequency of the lines in cycles/mm, as shown in the images to the right. The resolution of an optical system can be determined by identifying the highest frequency line set that the system is able to resolve.

If you are new to photography, you might find yourself wondering what all of the different numbers, letters, and symbols on your camera lens mean. They may seem complicated at first, but its really easy to understand once explained.

These letters tell you what type of Autofocus motor is in your lens. USM = Ultrasonic Motor and HSM = Hypersonic Motor. They are the same thing, but each manufacturer uses different terminology.

In this post, I will show you a few examples of standard lenses and explain some of the most important numbers and letters you have on your lens.

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Thorlabs' 3" x 3" (76.2 mm x 76.2 mm) NBS 1952 Resolution Target offers 48 sets of lines with 24 different frequencies ranging from 0.48 to 16 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter (lp/mm), as listed in the table below. In the center of the NBS 1952 target is a crosshair with a length and width of 3100 µm and two concentric circles with diameters of 1250 µm and 2500 µm. Because the line sets on this target are arranged such that every resolution can be viewed by traveling in only one direction (either horizontally or vertically) along the pattern, the resolution of an optical system can be determined with one pass. For more information about the NBS 1952 pattern, please see the Resolution Targets tab above.

Thorlabs offers a variable line grating target with a range of resolutions from 1.25 lp/mm to 250 lp/mm. The table below gives the included resolutions along with a conversion of the line pair size.

Thorlabs' 3" x 3" (76.2 mm x 76.2 mm) Concentric Circles and Crosshairs Grid Target offers 289 individual grids, arranged in a larger, 2" x 2" grid of 17 rows and 17 columns. The smaller grids each have four concentric circle patterns and five crosshair patterns of varying sizes. The concentric circle and crosshair patterns on the smaller grids are labeled in the image to the right but not on the target itself. Each concentric circle pattern features seven different radii, while the crosshairs each have a single or a double cross. For details on the dimensions of these patterns, see the tables below.

Our in-house photolithographic design and production capabilities enable us to create a range of patterned optics. We manufacture test targets, distortion grids, and reticles at our Thorlabs Spectral Works facility in Columbia, South Carolina. These components have served a wide variety of applications, being implemented in microscopes, imaging systems, and optical alignment setups.

This tab details an optimal cleaning technique developed by our engineers for cleaning reticles, test targets, distortion targets, and calibration targets.

Thorlabs offers positive and negative 3" x 3" (76.2 mm x 76.2 mm) resolution test targets that are made by plating low-reflectivity chrome on a soda lime glass substrate. The 3" x 3" targets have 10 groups (-2 to +7) with 6 elements per group, offering a maximum resolution of 228.0 line pairs (one light line and one dark line) per millimeter. For more information on the 1951 USAF pattern, please see the Resolution Targets tab above.

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Screenresolution test

To calculate the resolution at any given radial distance from the center of the sector star, start by calculating the thickness of a line pair, or one dark bar and one light bar, at that radius. This can be done using the formula for the chord length, given below, where r is the radial distance from the center. The angle Θ is the number of degrees covered by one pair of light and dark bars and is equal to 360° divided by the total number of bars. Once the thickness of the line pair is calculated, the resolution is the reciprocal of the thickness.

Millimeters, or "mm" for short, is the standard unit of measurement for the focal length of a lens. So when you see "mm" following a number or a pair of numbers on a lens, you will know that the number refers to the focal length (single number) or focal range (pair of numbers).

The target is designed so that it can display both positive and negative patterns by adjusting the orientation of the crossed polarizers relative to the test target. If the cross polarizers are aligned with the sides of the glass covers, the positive image will be formed. If the cross polarizers are aligned at 45° to the sides of the glass covers, the negative image will be formed. Because of its polarization sensitivity, this resolution target is ideal for calibrating and testing the resolution of our birefringence imaging system and microscopes, polarizing microscopes, microscopes with a Nomarski mode, polarization imaging systems, or Mueller Matrix polarimeters.