Infraredwavelengthrangein nm

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Infraredenergy

Instead of using an incoherent tungsten or mercury lamp source like conventional microscopes, confocal microscopes use a laser to illuminate the sample.1 The system then collects images at planes at various depths in the sample, known as optical sections, by scanning the laser through different focus positions.1 Optical sections enable live specimens to be imaged because the sample doesn’t need to be physically sectioned off. The illumination of smaller sections also helps specimens to remain viable longer by significantly reducing the effects of phototoxicity. The amount of light that conventional techniques use for illumination makes it difficult to ensure the vitality of the specimen imaged, which is crucial when capturing biological events.1

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What isinfraredusedfor

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Range of wavelengths for infraredrays

Even though infrared radiation cannot be seen by the human eye, it can definitely be felt. Infrared energy is felt as heat because it interacts with molecules by exciting them, causing them to move faster which increases the internal temperature of the object absorbing the infrared energy. Although all wavelengths of radiant energy will heat surfaces that absorb them, infrared radiation is most common in daily life because of the "ordinary" objects that emit it as radiant heat (see blackbody radiation and Wien's Law for more information on this).[3] For example, humans at a temperature of 37°C[4] emit most of their radiant heat in the infrared range, as can be seen in Figure 1.

Infraredwavelengthrangein m

Edmund Optics® supplies a wide range of optics for confocal fluorescence microscopy applications including filters, objectives, laser systems, and pinholes.

Infraredwavelengthrangein micrometers

Aspheric lenses are an essential component of optical systems used in diverse applications such as condenser lenses, fluor filters, and optics laser. Bodian is ...

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When compared to images captured by a conventional fluorescence microscope, images from a confocal microscope system exhibit a marginal increase in axial and lateral resolution, but spatial filtering from the system’s pinhole assembly blocks out-of-focus fluorescence for a much more detailed image (Figure 1).2 Contrast of the image is improved over traditional methods due to a reduction in background noise and improved signal-to-noise ratio. When using conventional techniques, the fluorescence emitted from adjacent parts of the sample interferes with the image plane and obscures the focus.1 This is problematic because there is no way of differentiating the fluorescence that does not contribute to the focal plane being imaged, which is especially apparent in specimens that are thicker than two micrometers.1 By utilizing spatial filtering techniques, confocal microscopes are able to eliminate this problem by blocking any out-of-focus light that would otherwise obscure the image.2 Confocal and multiphoton microscopy have similar resolution in the x- and y-axes, but multiphoton microscopy has superior resolution in the z-axis, or depth. Compared to multiphoton microscopy, confocal microscopy only uses a single photon to excite fluorescent dyes, which can result in more light scatter in the image and the inability to image as deep into a sample. Confocal techniques commonly use light from the visible spectrum, which also tends to scatter and absorb more in biological tissue than longer wavelengths, which in turn can limit the possible penetration depth into a sample. However, the confocal technique still has proven to have enhanced resolution over traditional widefield techniques, allowing it to be considered a bridge between classic widefield methods and more advanced super-resolution techniques. Confocal microscopy is very well-suited for imaging of 2D cell cultures while multiphoton and light sheet microscopy provide advantages for imaging 3D samples.

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Around 50% of the Sun's energy to the Earth is in the form of infrared,[6] therefore the balance of this radiation in the atmosphere is crucial to keep a stable temperature and climate. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect, because CO2 is able to absorb and re-emit infrared radiation as seen in Figure 2, unlike the gasses that make up most of the atmosphere (molecular oxygen, O2 about 21% and nitrogen, N2, about 78%).[7] This greenhouse effect is necessary for the livable temperatures on Earth, however an increasing level of greenhouse gases is contributing to an unstable warming of the Earth which is a cause for great concern. Read more about this imbalance here.

Infraredwaves

Infraredfrequencyrangein Hz

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Since the infrared spectrum is of lower energy than visible light, this limits the amount of solar energy that can be harnessed with standard photovoltaic cells.

Infrared radiation (IR) is a type of radiant energy, with longer wavelengths than the visible light humans can see, but shorter wavelengths than radio waves. Its range extends from fairly small wavelengths near the color red, 700x10-9 m, to nearly a millimeter, 3x10-4 m.[2]

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Confocal microscopy is a type of fluorescence microscopy which uses a laser to excite fluorescence from fluorophores used to label different subsets of a specimen. Fluorescence microscopes are used for imaging cells and tissues that have been fluorescently tagged.1 What separates confocal microscopy from conventional epi-fluorescence microscopy is its increased resolution when imaging thick specimens, elimination of out-of-focus glare due to spatial filtering, and reduction of light-induced damage to the sample, known as phototoxicity.