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The bouncing back of light when it strikes a smooth surface is called Reflection. While the bending of a light ray when it travels from one medium to other is called refraction of light.

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According to Snell’s law, the ratio of the sine of the incident angle to the sine of the refracted angle is a constant, for any light of a given color or for any given pair of media. The constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first.

Example 3: What is the value of the sine of the angle of incidence if the angle of refraction is given to be sin 35°? Given the value of refractive index 1.33.

As shown below, the pencil seems deformed in the water because light cannot travel through the water as rapidly as it can through the air. The pencil has a tiny magnification effect due to the light refraction, which makes the angle appear larger than it actually is and makes the pencil appear crooked.

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The Refractive index also called the index of refraction enables us to know how fast light travels through the material medium.

To understand the causes of refraction of light in much depth let’s understand What are rarer and denser mediums? and Types of Refractions as:

The change that occurs in the direction of a wave when light passes from one medium to the other is known as refraction of light.

What isrefractionClass 10

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The given velocities of light in different media can give the refractive index by the following also where the first medium is not vacuum:

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Refractionof light

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Refractiondiagram

Example 4: Calculate the speed of light in diamond with respect to air. Take the absolute refractive index of glass from the table.

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Refractionexamples

Based on the given refractive index of the material or medium, the light ray either changes its direction or bends at the junction which separates the two given media. If the light ray travels from a certain medium to another of a slightly higher refractive index, it bends towards the normal in that case when traveling from rarer to a denser medium, or else it bends away from the normal when traveling from denser to rarer medium.

Snell’s law provides the degree or extent of refraction that occurs through a relationship between the incident angle, refracted angles, and the refractive indices of a given pair of media.

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As shown in the above figure, light travels from Medium 1 to Medium 2. Please note that these mediums can be different materials or substances with different densities. So when an incident ray from medium 1 travels to another medium 2, the refracted ray bends either towards the normal or away from the normal (depending upon the densities of the mediums).

Refractionformula

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As it is known that when light travels in different mediums its speed varies. e.g. light passes through the air than in a glass. Hence, it can be said that, due to the change in the speed of light in different mediums that the light rays are refracted.

The bending of a light wave when it passes from one medium to another due to the change in the speed of the light traveling the two different media is called the Refraction of light.

There are many examples of refraction of light observed in our daily life like the Twinkling of stars. The Twinkling of stars is because of the atmospheric refraction occurs by the light from the star undergoing a gradual change in the medium.

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The principal focus of a lens is generally defined as the point at which the rays passing parallel to the principle converge in the case of a convex lens.

where i is the angle of incidence, r is the angle of refraction, the constant value depends on the refractive indexes of the two mediums.

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Refractionin physics

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When anything interrupts the light waves, it causes refraction of the light. Light also moves mostly in the form of waves, much like most other materials.

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The refraction of light traveling through different mediums follows some laws. There are two laws of refraction as stated below which at the sight of refraction, the light follows, and we see the refracted image of the object.

Refractioneye exam

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This phenomenon also occurs with sound, water, and other waves. Because of this bending of waves that are responsible for the refraction of light, we have lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms, and rainbows. Due to this phenomenon, our eyes would not be able to focus, without the refraction of light.

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Refraction is an important term used in the Ray Optics branch of Physics. Refraction of light is defined as the change in direction or the bending of a wave passing from one medium to another due to the change in speed of the wave. Some natural phenomena occurring in nature where refraction of light takes place are the twinkling of stars, the formation of mirages and Rainbows, Optical illusions, and many more. The major cause of refraction to occur is the change in the speed of waves in different mediums, which is different due to the difference between the densities of the mediums. e.g. the speed of light in a vacuum is maximum. Snell’s Law provides a quantitative description of the amount of bending of a wave, that depends on the refractive index of the two mediums. Let’s learn more about refraction like the Laws of Refractions, Causes of Refraction, Types of Refraction, Examples, and Applications of Refractions in the article below.

Refractive Index is a dimensionless quantity. For a given material or medium, the refractive index is considered the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum (c) to the speed of light in the medium (v) on which it goes. The Refractive index for a medium is represented by small n, and it is given by the following formula:

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