Fresnellight diagram

Piezoelectric or electromagnetic tip/tilt mirrors (FSM = Fast Steering Mirrors) can provide angular resolution down to the nanorad range with a mechanical bandwidth up to the kHz range. They are compact, fast, and accurate enough to compensate for the disturbances that are common in these applications. While piezo-driven FSMs offer a higher resolution and bandwidth, electromagnetic units (usually voice coil FSMs) allow larger displacements. In order to fulfill the entire spectrum of requirements for the application, PI offers both types of mechanisms, in a standardized design and a application-specific configuration.

In the theater and dance world, Fresnels are most often used for top or backlighting, at medium throw distances. In small venues, they are occasionally used for front light, although the relative lack of control, when compared to an ellipsoidal, is a major disadvantage. The distinctive soft beam of a fresnel can make it very useful as a special in certain situations.

Today, the fiber optic cables connecting our planet form the backbone of the global network, without which almost nothing functions in modern societies. And while there is still a lot of work to be done in order to complete the last stretch to the end user using fiber optic technology instead of copper, we are eyewitnesses of a new race for the infrastructure for data and telecommunication networks. Several technology companies are planning to implement huge space-based communication networks of the latest generation. Their nodes are compact satellites, thousands of which will be launched into orbit. These use laser light to transmit messages, they connect to each other, and efficiently and quickly transmit data from one point on the planet to another. The vision is to provide every car, physical infrastructure, shipping container, and semitrailer, or even every cow, with connectivity; therefore, enabling a spectrum of fantastic applications.

PI's solutions include a large number of standardized tip/tilt systems as well as customer-specific developments. More will follow.

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The degree to which the lamp may be focused is limited by the length of the housing. To reduce the width of the beam, the lamp and reflector are moved further back from the lens (spot focus). However, the farther back in the housing the lamp is placed, the more light is wasted in the housing.[2]

Fresnels use a spherical reflector, with the filament of the lamp at its focus point. This effectively doubles the light delivered by the fixture, as all that is emitted backwards into the reflector is reflected back out the front. As with most lighting fixtures, the lamp and reflector cannot move independently, and are moved together as a unit to focus the beam. This is done by a slider on the bottom of the lantern, or a worm track and crank in the back of the unit. The lamps work best with their bases facing up, with bulb life shortened significantly when mounted upside down.

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Because the reflector of a Fresnel lantern cannot be larger than its lens aperture, the lamps are not very efficient: only the light emitted straight forward or backward (and redirected forward by the reflector) is utilized, with the rest absorbed by the casing as waste heat.

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Theatrical Fresnel lanterns are typically made in three-, six-, or eight-inch lens diameters, with lamps ranging in power from 150 W to 2,000 W. The three-inch variety is referred to as an inkie. Fresnel lenses can be placed close to the light source and are inexpensive to produce.

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What areFresnellights used for

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The distinctive lens used in a Fresnel lantern is named after its inventor, Augustin-Jean Fresnel, who developed it for use in lighthouses. It has a 'stepped' appearance instead of the 'full' or 'smooth' face of other lenses. This allows the lens to focus the light by tilting each successive ring of glass slightly more steeply as its distance increases from the center. If the glass were completely flat, this would cause a corresponding pattern of circles of light, so Fresnel lenses are usually stippled on the flat side. This pattern of small bumps helps to break up the light passing through the lens and gives Fresnels their characteristic soft beam. This means that the intensity of the light is consistent across the spread of the beam of light, as opposed to being less intense around the edges as in an ellipsoidal reflector spotlight (ERS).

A Fresnel lantern (pronounced frəˈnɛl or fruh-nel) is a common lantern used in theatre that employs a Fresnel lens to wash light over an area of the stage. The lens produces a wider, soft-edged beam than a spotlight or key light, and is commonly used for back light and top light.

In addition to high bandwidths and sufficiently large tilt angles, maintenance-free function in 24/7 mode is of crucial importance for this application. Energy efficiency, low weight, and a compact design are also essential. Last but not least, robustness is required, because the systems not only have to withstand the high accelerations during satellite launch, but also the harsh environmental conditions such as strong temperature fluctuations or radiation exposure over the entire period of use.

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PI's fast tip/tilt mirror technology has been used in both terrestrial projects and space missions since the 1990s.  For example, in the Solar Orbiter, a joint project between NASA and ESA, a PI beam stabilization system is in use and on its way to the sun. PI offers efficient and fast designs based on piezoelectric or electromagnetic drives – and also offers many years of experience in quickly scaling to large quantities.

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Fresnellight example

While the focus can alter the size of the beam, the distinctive scatter of light that the Fresnel lens emits also requires a way of controlling its shape. Since Fresnels cannot use internal shutters, such as those found in an ellipsoidal spotlight, they are often fitted with distinctive barn doors to control the spill and shape the beam of light. These are large metal flaps that may be mounted just beyond the color slot at the front of the lantern. They are colloquially known as "Harris Flaps" in the United Kingdom theatre industry.[3] [4]

Also on Earth, a similar approach to providing point-to-point networks is being newly started with the help of "fiberless photonics". The principle of free space optical communication is somewhat similar to optical telegraphy from the 18th century: Messages are encoded and transmitted from one terrestrial location to another using light. This offers the potential for quickly providing secure connections between locations, e.g., from building to building in a crowded city or for the "last mile" of a wider network.

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In addition to optoelectronic components and extensive communication know-how, mechatronic systems also play a decisive role in the functionality of such networks. The transmission of messages via bundled laser beams requires precise alignment solutions in order to keep the beam precisely on the target even over long distances, correct drift and interferences, and, if necessary, quickly re-align it. In addition to being controlled by the satellite location system, a fine, high-speed steering system is required to compensate for vibrations from the satellite, thermal fluctuations, and other causes of disturbances. In ground-based point-to-point networks, atmospheric turbulences or movements in buildings can also be a potential source of interference for the error-free signal transmission. Therefore, quickly reacting tip/tilt mirror systems are of essential importance for free space optical communication networks.