Diffusion - Glossary of Film-Video & Photo - diffused film

 2024-08-06 16:51:07

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A light source is very important for the phase-contrast microscopy process. Without the light source, the phase microscope cannot be used. A reliable light source should be used in phase-contrast microscopy for forming the enlarged image of biological samples. Natural sunlight can also be used in the process. However, another artificial light source can also be used.

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The discovery of phase contrast microscopy was made by a Dutch physicist, Frits Zernike in 1938. Phase-contrast microscopy discovery has led Zernike to the prestigious Nobel prize in physics (1953) And after this feat, the Germany-based company called Zeiss started manufacturing the inverted phase-contrast microscope in their labs, during world war II.

Phase contrast microscopes are also called tissue culture microscopes, because of their contrasting ability to illuminate the image. When the direct source of light is made to pour into the biological sample, the light starts to get diffracted. This diffraction produces the interferences of light which are not that subtle to be seen with naked eyes. While scattering the light or diffracting the light, some of the light gets absorbed by the specimen illuminating it with full contrast. However, the light which is not diffracted in the phase-contrast microscopy is called zero-order light. Here, the zero-order light remains unmodified throughout the magnification process.

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The phase plates used up in an inverted phase-contrast microscope can be either negative or positive. Negative phase plates have a thick circular area that drives the light paths. While the positive phase plates have a thin circular groove to drive light paths. Phase plates come with a transparent disc for rotating them. The phase plates and the annular diaphragm, both work closely to give out the contrasted image of the specimen. The image is obtained by separating the direct light rays from the diffracted ones. All direct light rays fall on the annular groove and the diffracted light rays fall on the region outside the groove. Different refractive indexes give out different images for the inverted phase-contrast microscope.

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To clean a microscope objective lens, first remove the objective lens and place it on a flat surface with the front lens facing up. Use a blower to remove any particles without touching the lens. Then fold a piece of lens paper into a narrow triangular shape. Moisten the pointed end of the paper with small amount of lens cleaner and place it on the lens. Wipe the lens in a spiral cleaning motion starting from the lens’ center to the edge. Check your work for any remaining residue with an eyepiece or loupe. If needed, repeat this wiping process with a new lens paper until the lens is clean. Important: never wipe a dry lens, and avoid using abrasive or lint cloths and facial or lab tissues. Doing so can scratch the lens surface. Find more tips on objective lens cleaning in our blog post, 6 Tips to Properly Clean Immersion Oil off Your Objectives.

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To obtain the perfect enlarged image of the biological samples, the inverted phase contrast microscope uses some basic components. These components work in harmony to give out the perfect high contrasted image of the specimens.

The annulus and ring ultimately reduce the light wavelength by a ½ phase. This paves the way for the magnification of biological specimens. To obtain an image of 10x and 100x, the annulus is set into the light condenser of a trinocular compound microscope. A culture microscope also uses the rings for illuminating the images to their threshold magnification.

Frits demonstrated with the speed of light path and directed towards the specimen. He went on experimenting with optical light paths to discover interference patterns of light. This results into the images appearing darker under the inverted phase microscope. Zernike’s approach consisted of simple and reasonable components. This includes:

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Types of objective lenses

Many microscopes have several objective lenses that you can rotate to view the specimen at varying magnification powers. Usually, you will find multiple objective lenes on a microscope, consisting of 1.25X to 150X.

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In a research lab, microscopes play a crucial role in observing the structural details of biological samples and molecules. There are different types of microscopy techniques prevalent in the scientific world, which makes the observations of various specimens. One such microscopy technique is phase-contrast microscopy. Under this microscopy, the specimen’s ability to alter the optical light is manipulated. As the direct light penetrates the specimen’ wall, the light gets diffracted through interferences of light. This whole process, then, results in the high contrast image of the specimen under the microscope. A phase-contrast microscope has a trinocular head which helps in the observation process. The different levels of contrast also help in the observation process to make the image more illuminated.

The annular diaphragm is situated below the condenser in a cell culture microscope. It is made up of a circular disc having an annular groove for light passing through the trinocular head of a phase-contrast microscope. As the light rays reach the annular groove of the annular diaphragm, all light rays fall onto the biological specimen. At the backplane, the objective aperture develops the image of a biological sample.

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After the phase plates and phase annulus, the condensers also play a vital role in resulting in contrasted images of the specimen. The phase condensers are well structured for passing the light rays from the phase rings and plates. All diffracted light rays reach the condensers from where it reaches the objective side. The wavefronts from the diffracted light rays collect at one point and produce contrasted specimens. Here, the interference of light waves happens which is the main reason to form the contrasted images of all biological samples.

Phase-contrast microscopy is a technique that manipulates the traditional brightfield microscope working mechanism. When all the components of phase contrast microscopy are configured properly, it visualizes the images of the specimen very vividly. The high contrasted images can be obtained with the implantation of the phase contrast microscopy process. Phase imaging eliminates the use of labels in the biological samples. Hence, it saves time for researchers and scientists. Though the phase microscopes are expensive, the trinocular microscope price can be gathered from the online medium as well as offline medium.

Objective lenses are responsible for primary image formation, determining the quality of the image produced and controlling the total magnification and resolution. They can vary greatly in design and quality.

The unstained, transparent, and colorless biological specimens are called phase objects. These objects do not absorb direct light. But the biological samples are well good at diffracting the direct light to produce the magnified images. Through the trinocular head, the phase-contrast microscopy process can be observed.

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The ocular lens is located at the top of the eyepiece tube where you position your eye during observation, while the objective lens is located closer to the sample. The ocular lens generally has a low magnification but works in combination with the objective lens to achieve greater magnification power. It magnifies the magnified image already captured by the objective lens. While the ocular lens focuses purely on magnification, the objective lens performs other functions, such as controlling the overall quality and clarity of the microscope image.