Diffraction Gratings - what are gratings
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In the equation above, x is the area fraction characterized by the given chemistry and subscripts 1 and 2 indicate two different surface chemistries (Figure a). If, instead of having different chemistries on the surface, the second area is air like (Figure b), then equation can be written as,
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ImageSKUNamePriceBuy991158Basic Coaxial Illuminator w/ Collector I (for use with low power objectives)$1,150.00 Basic Coaxial Illuminator w/ Collector I (for use with low power objectives) quantity Add to Cart 991159Basic Coaxial Illuminator w/ Collector II (for use with objectives 10x and higher)$1,150.00 Basic Coaxial Illuminator w/ Collector II (for use with objectives 10x and higher) quantity Add to Cart 991167Polarizing Filter and Retainer$275.00 Polarizing Filter and Retainer quantity Add to Cart 991170Collector I (to convert units that have Collector II)$310.00 Collector I (to convert units that have Collector II) quantity Add to Cart 991172Collector II (to convert units that have Collector I)$310.00 Collector II (to convert units that have Collector I) quantity Add to Cart 992258Basic Coaxial Illuminator w/ LED Flashlight$1,230.00 Basic Coaxial Illuminator w/ LED Flashlight quantity Add to Cart 992259Basic Coaxial Illuminator Right Angle w/ LED Flashlight$1,890.00 Basic Coaxial Illuminator Right Angle w/ LED Flashlight quantity Add to Cart 992270Collector for LED Flashlight (extra)$310.00 Collector for LED Flashlight (extra) quantity Add to Cart 992271LED Flashlight for Coaxial Illuminator$40.00 LED Flashlight for Coaxial Illuminator quantity Add to Cart 992283Right Angle Interface for Coaxial Illuminator. Converts Standard into RA Type$715.00 Right Angle Interface for Coaxial Illuminator. Converts Standard into RA Type quantity Add to Cart
ImageSKUNamePriceBuy991102IF-1 Objective (0.5x; 390mm W.D.)$425.00 IF-1 Objective (0.5x; 390mm W.D.) quantity Add to Cart 991104IF-2 Objective (0.66x; 295mm W.D.)$425.00 IF-2 Objective (0.66x; 295mm W.D.) quantity Add to Cart 991106IF-3 Objective (1.0x; 195mm W.D.)$425.00 IF-3 Objective (1.0x; 195mm W.D.) quantity Add to Cart 991107IF-3.5 Objective (2.0x; 95mm W.D.)$425.00 IF-3.5 Objective (2.0x; 95mm W.D.) quantity Add to Cart 991108IF-4 Objective (2.66x; 70mm W.D.)$425.00 IF-4 Objective (2.66x; 70mm W.D.) quantity Add to Cart
A large focal length indicates that light is bent gradually while a short focal length indicates that the light is bent at sharp angles. In general, lenses with ...
Where θm is the measured contact angle, θY is the Young contact angle and r is the roughness ratio. The roughness ratio is defined as the ratio between the actual and projected solid surface area (r = 1 for a smooth surface and r > 1 for a rough one) and can be calculated from a 3D roughness parameter Sdr as shown already. It is important to notice that the Wenzel equation is based on the assumption that the liquid penetrates into the roughness grooves (as in Figure 1). It has been stated that if the droplet is larger than the roughness scale by two to three orders of magnitude, the Wenzel equation applies4. Wenzel corrected contact angles have been utilized for example to study the wettability of paper sheets5 and cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces6. Both micro and nanoscale roughness have been shown to have influence on surface wettability.
Since contact angle against liquid and air can be considered to be 180° (cos θY2 is -1) and the area fraction x2 = 1 – x1. This equation was developed by Cassie and Baxter7 and is thus often called the Cassie-Baxter equation. It has been found that for the droplet to achieve the real Cassie-Baxter stage (no penetration of the liquid inside the grooves), the geometry of the roughness has to be carefully designed8.
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Surface roughness is a measurement of surface texture. It is defined as a vertical deviation of a real surface from its ideally smooth form. Roughness plays an important role in various processes such as friction and adhesion and is widely measured. Surface roughness cannot be accurately characterized by using a single parameter. Instead, a set of surface roughness parameters is defined. Parameters that characterize surface profiles are called 2D parameters and are marked with the letter ‘R’. These parameters are widely utilized in different applications but are not really able to provide the full information on the three-dimensional surfaces. Parameters to characterize surface topography are called 3D parameters and are marked with the letter ‘S’. Some of the 3D parameters have their 2D counterparts; others are specifically developed for 3D surfaces1. A summary of these parameters as stated by the ISO 25178 (and their 2D counterparts) is presented in table below2, ISO 25178. Sa is an arithmetic mean height of the surface. Sq and its 2D counterpart are the most widely used roughness parameters that give the standard deviation of height. Rp and Rv give the maximum height of the summit and maximum depth of the valleys, respectively. Rz gives the peak-to-peak value and R10z is calculated as a mean height value of five local maxima and local minima. Rz is more sensitive to noise than R10z. The ratio between the interfacial and projected area Sdr gives the additional surface area contributed by the texture. This parameter is especially useful in wettability studies since it can be used to calculate the roughness ratio r, according to equation below.
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In cases where the liquid does not penetrate into the grooves, the Wenzel equation does not apply. In this case the Cassie equation is used instead. The Cassie equation was first developed to describe chemically heterogeneous surfaces, with two different chemistries7.
The relationship between roughness and wettability was defined in 1936 by Wenzel, who stated that adding surface roughness would enhance the wettability caused by the chemistry of the surface3. For example, if the surface is chemically hydrophobic, it will become even more hydrophobic when surface roughness is added. Wenzel statement can be described with equation below.
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The interfacial tensions, γsv, γsl and γlv, form the equilibrium contact angle of wetting, often referred to as the Young contact angle θY. The Young equation assumes that the surface is chemically homogenous and topographically smooth. This is however not true in the case of real surfaces, which instead of having one equilibrium contact angle value exhibit a range of contact angles between the advancing and receding ones.
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Lithium fluoride (LiF), a greatly acknowledged highly sensitive TL material is widely used as commercial radiation dosimetric material. It is having effective ...
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ImageSKUNamePriceBuy3125175x Eyepiece (multi-coated)$95.00 5x Eyepiece (multi-coated) quantity Add to Cart 31251810x Widefield Eyepiece with High Eyepoint$115.00 10x Widefield Eyepiece with High Eyepoint quantity Add to Cart 770170Large Mounting Clamp$110.00 Large Mounting Clamp quantity Add to Cart 770171Mounting Bar$110.00 Mounting Bar quantity Add to Cart 770507C-Mount Adapter$69.00 C-Mount Adapter quantity Add to Cart 770509Orientable/Separable C-Mount Video Adapter$550.00 Orientable/Separable C-Mount Video Adapter quantity Add to Cart 770510Spare C-Mount Top for 770509$255.00 Spare C-Mount Top for 770509 quantity Add to Cart 770511Rotatable/Lockable C-mount$170.00 Rotatable/Lockable C-mount quantity Add to Cart 770530T30 Tube (30mm spacer)$73.00 T30 Tube (30mm spacer) quantity Add to Cart 770565T2 Adapter — Canon EOS$35.00 T2 Adapter — Canon EOS quantity Add to Cart 770566T2 Adapter - Olympus$35.00 T2 Adapter - Olympus quantity Add to Cart 770568T2 Adapter — Nikon F Mount$35.00 T2 Adapter — Nikon F Mount quantity Add to Cart 770571ArriFlex PL Mount Adapter (with locking screws)$195.00 ArriFlex PL Mount Adapter (with locking screws) quantity Add to Cart 770572PL Mount Cap$50.00 PL Mount Cap quantity Add to Cart 770662M62 Eyepiece Holder Tube (Does not include Eyepiece)$120.00 M62 Eyepiece Holder Tube (Does not include Eyepiece) quantity Add to Cart 771054UNIPAR-Vid (0.2x factor w/10x E.P.–video only)$645.00 UNIPAR-Vid (0.2x factor w/10x E.P.–video only) quantity Add to Cart 771055UNIPAR/T30 Adapter with 0.3x optical system. (must be used with eyepiece)$640.00 UNIPAR/T30 Adapter with 0.3x optical system. (must be used with eyepiece) quantity Add to Cart 860180Large Format Amplifier (LFA). The LFA provides coverage for large format video and photo cameras up to and including the 24mm x 36mm (35mm SLR) Format. The LFA is the most convenient way to adapt large format cameras to the KC VideoMax.$775.00 Large Format Amplifier (LFA). The LFA provides coverage for large format video and photo cameras up to and including the 24mm x 36mm (35mm SLR) Format. The LFA is the most convenient way to adapt large format cameras to the KC VideoMax. quantity Add to Cart 860200Delrin Spacer. (Used with Large Mounting Clamp to Step-up from C-size Tube to T-size Tube)$45.00 Delrin Spacer. (Used with Large Mounting Clamp to Step-up from C-size Tube to T-size Tube) quantity Add to Cart 890177Mirror Diverter Package. Converts single-port K2 DistaMax or KC VideoMax into a dual-port.$1,750.00 Mirror Diverter Package. Converts single-port K2 DistaMax or KC VideoMax into a dual-port. quantity Add to Cart 990223NTX Tube 2x$546.00 NTX Tube 2x quantity Add to Cart 991259Step-up adapter for KC VideoMax large format$118.00 Step-up adapter for KC VideoMax large format quantity Add to Cart
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Both chemical and topographical properties of the surface are important parameters in many different applications and processes, where wetting and adhesion behavior needs to be optimized. Wettability can be studied by measuring the contact angle of the substrate with the given liquid. The well-known Young equation describes the balance at the three-phase contact of solid, liquid and vapor.
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by R Paschotta · Cited by 3 — Again, the focal length is the distance between principal plane and focal plane. Similarly, one can define the back focal plane (or second focal plane) and back ...
The figure shows the droplet on ideal and real surfaces. On an ideal surface, the Young equation applies and the measured contact angle is equal to the Young contact angle (upper image). On a real surface the actual contact angle is the angle between the tangent to the liquid-vapor interface and the actual, local surface of the solid (lower image). However, the measured (apparent) contact angle is the angle between the tangent to the liquid-vapor interface and the line that represents the apparent solid surface, as seen macroscopically. Actual and apparent contact angle values can deviate substantially from each other. To calculate real surface free energies of the solid the actual contact angles should be used.
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The C or CS mount to M12 lens adapters are used to mount M12 lenses on a C-mount or CS-mount camera. M12 lenses are cheaper, compacter and have less weight.
R&D 100 Award-winnerPrices and specifications are FOB Centennial, CO and are subject to change without notice.Model KC VideoMax, Achrovid and Nelsonian are trademarks of INFINITY PHOTO-OPTICAL COMPANY.U.S. Patents 4,988,173 and 5,452,133. Additional U.S. and foreign patents may apply.
The most stable contact angle is the one associated with the absolute minimum of the Gibbs energy curve, which can be connected to Young’s contact angle. The contact angles calculated from the Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter equations have been found to be good approximations of the most stable contact angles9.
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The New KC VideoMax Main Body includes Mounting Clamp and 12mm Spacer which can be exchanged with optional Variable Iris Diaphragm (see below). This new model incorporates an Internal Focusing Ring Lock. The KC VideoMax is itself a C-mount system and does not require any further adaptation unless large format accessories are utilized (ST and SD models).