Many doctors recommend getting an anti-reflective coating. In some cases, a coating may even save you money in the long run since the coating can reduce scratching, making a pair of glasses last longer.

ZEISS sells its anti-reflective coatings under the brands DuraVision Platinum, DuraVision Silver and LotuTec. It recently unveiled its PureCoat lens, which it says improves reflection, night vision and sight. ZEISS and DuPont jointly produced Teflon Clear Coat Lenses for “the clearest anti-reflective coatings.”

This coating can cost anywhere from $20 to $90 to add to a pair of glasses. This cost is sometimes covered by insurance, although this will depend on your exact plan.

Where does TOD arise? Just like GVD, it is a property of the optical materials that make up the microscope. As with GDD, this effect is more pronounced when using short pulses (anything above 70 fs tends to be of less concern). Unfortunately, in multiphoton microscopes the biggest source of TOD tends to be the prism-compressor used to compensate GDD. The larger the required GDD compensation range, the more TOD will be added. This is a result of the increasing amount of prism material that the pulses travel through in the course of the pre-chirping, but the geometric effect of the prisms on the beam also contributes.

Current multiphoton microscopes tend to be substantially more dispersive than multiphoton microscope designs of the 2000 – 2010 era. This is a direct consequence of the increasing need for ever-wider spectral bandwidths (e.g. a wavelength coverage of at least 700 – 1700 nm has become typical), but also of the for larger fields of view, better field flatness and generally improved imaging performance. Achieving all of these requires increasingly more complex lenses, with more and more glass being added to the optical path, leading to more dispersive microscopes.

As a closing thought, while there are instances where broader pulses can be better (a topic for yet another post), being able to fully compensate the GDD of your microscope while not introducing noticeable TOD is a key to unlocking the full potential of your multiphoton microscope.

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Fully compensating the GDD of all elements in the optical path of a microscope yields the shortest possible pulse out of the microscope objective, and thus the most efficient multiphoton excitation.

Finally, ensuring that the imaging equipment is set up well. This is particularly important for the prism compressor. The care taken here will have a major impact on the amount of TOD introduced at a given pre-chirping level. Adjusting the spacing of the prisms in a manner to minimize the amount of prism material required to achieve a given pre-chirp is key in avoiding unnecessary TOD.

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Some people think anti-reflective coatings prevent UV rays from damaging the eyes, but this is not true (although such features can be combined into one pair of glasses). The American Academy of Ophthalmology has been critical of claims that AR coatings can provide significant glare resistance. They say glare resistance is generally only possible with polarized lenses, which tend to have a dark tint (making them unsuitable for night driving).

Anti-reflective coatings have come a long since they were introduced. Original AR technology was ground-breaking, of course, but it had its flaws. AR lenses were more easily scratched than non-AR lenses, the coatings often peeled away over time and lenses seemed in constant need of cleaning.

As pulse lengths shorten (below x fs), second-order dispersion has less impact on the pulse and higher-order derivatives become the dominant source of dispersion.

In a prism pre-chirper, the pulses are spectrally split by a first prism. The resulting “rainbow” then passes through a second prism, with the longer wavelengths travelling through the wider part of the prism and consequently being delayed more than the shorter wavelengths. The light is then reflected back through the two prisms, doubling the experienced delays before being recombined to a (collimated) beam (see top panel of Figure 2 below). To allow the returning beam to be spatially separated from the incoming beam, the mirror is often slightly tilted, so that the beam returns at a different height from the incoming one (see inset in Figure 2). Alternatively, two mirrors in a roof-top configuration (i.e. closely spaced at a right angle to each other) can be used to parallel shift the returning beam. After this double pass through the two prisms, the shorter wavelengths are ahead of the longer wavelengths in the pulses (e.g. a negative chirp).

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What’s more, many modern AR lenses include a chemical composition that helps keep dirt, water marks and smudges away from the lens.

Sold under the brand name SOLARPHIRE AR, PPG’s anti-reflective glass lens boasts anti-glare, anti-smudge and anti-reflective coatings to protect and enhance vision for glasses and a number of other products with display screens (tablets, laptops, monitors, TVs and cell phones).

The longer answer is more complicated, with some claims more controversial than others. Anti-reflective coatings may be able to:

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The concern here is that, in contrast to GDD, compensating for TOD is not straightforward. While the technology for compensating TOD exists, as of today suitable stand-alone commercial solutions for microscopy do not exist. This leaves avoidance of TOD as the only viable strategy for the time being.

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In the past, AR coating got a bad reputation in the United States. The technology was still in its infancy and had a serious durability problem. Nearly all modern lenses should last much longer, although there are still some drawbacks (discussed below).

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Anti-reflective coatings, also known as AR coatings or anti-glare coatings, are applied to glasses via a series of layers adhered to the front and back of the lenses. These layers block certain wavelengths of light, helping to reduce reflection.Table of ContentsAnti-Reflective CoatingsWhat Does it Do?Misconceptions & ControversiesDurabilityBest Options You deserve clear vision. We can help. The board-certified surgeons at NVISION have performed over 2.5 million procedures. Your journey to better vision starts here. Book a Consultation Now or Find a Location This coating generally costs about $20 to $90 to apply to a pair of glasses. AR coatings developed a bad reputation for quickly deteriorating in the past, but modern AR coatings usually last a fairly long time unless exposed to extreme conditions.AR coating makes glass less reflective (hence the name), and this can make your glasses look nicer in photos and under bright lights. There is some debate about how much they help with glare, although many claim they reduce glare to at least some degree. Some AR coatings also have additional benefits, such as making glasses less prone to scratching.Some people think anti-reflective coatings prevent UV rays from damaging the eyes, but this is not true (although such features can be combined into one pair of glasses). The American Academy of Ophthalmology has been critical of claims that AR coatings can provide significant glare resistance. They say glare resistance is generally only possible with polarized lenses, which tend to have a dark tint (making them unsuitable for night driving).Of the options available for anti-reflective coatings, Crizal coatings are regarded as some of the best by multiple reviewers. These can be expensive though. For a cheaper coating, you will primarily want something that is not likely to smudge.Keep in mind that AR coatings are not essential. They may only offer a minor benefit to the wearer. Anti-Reflective Coatings Anti-reflective coating, also called AR coating and anti-glare coating, is when a series of layers are adhered to the front and back of lens (or just the back for polarized lenses) to reduce the reflections that normally bounce off a lens. Each of these layers is designed to block specific wavelengths of light, allowing the glasses to have anti-reflective properties with basically no noticeable drawbacks (beyond increased cost). This coating can cost anywhere from $20 to $90 to add to a pair of glasses. This cost is sometimes covered by insurance, although this will depend on your exact plan. Many doctors recommend getting an anti-reflective coating. In some cases, a coating may even save you money in the long run since the coating can reduce scratching, making a pair of glasses last longer. In the past, AR coating got a bad reputation in the United States. The technology was still in its infancy and had a serious durability problem. Nearly all modern lenses should last much longer, although there are still some drawbacks (discussed below). What Does This Coating Do? The short answer is that each extra layer blocks more wavelengths of light. The longer answer is more complicated, with some claims more controversial than others. Anti-reflective coatings may be able to: Make you more photogenic. Probably the least controversial and demonstrably true claim about AR lenses is that they make your glasses have less of a reflection. This can make you appear more fashionable. They can specifically be nice in high light environments, such as with photo flashes, as your eyes will be more visible to others. Reduce glare. The idea that an AR coating’s ability to reduce reflections would also reduce glare from light (which may normally bounce off your glasses, almost making it appear like a wall of light in front of your eyes) makes logical sense. However, the validity of this claim is sometimes doubted (discussed more below). Increase glasses durability. Not necessarily true of all coatings, many anti-reflective coatings (such as Crizal or the TechShield line) make glasses more scratch-resistant and durable. This is why, despite their increased cost, they can sometimes actually save you money since you may need to replace glasses less often. Misconceptions and ControversiesThere are some things often believed, and even claimed by sellers, about anti-reflective coatings that either aren’t true or are at least debated and controversial.One of the most important misconceptions to dispel is the notion that an AR coating equals UV protection. An AR coating does not protect your eyes from UV rays (such as those from the sun), which can cause eye damage.While many pairs of sunglasses come with both an anti-reflective coating and UV protection, it is important to know that not all pairs of glasses with an AR coating protect your eyes from sunlight. Be sure to research the coating you’re choosing carefully as even some sellers, willfully or not, may have misinformation on their sites claiming a coating can protect your eyes from the sun when it cannot.Websites and dispensing opticians often claim AR coating protects against glare. This is a claim you will see almost everywhere that offers anti-reflective coatings. However, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) takes issue with this claim.In a 2015 response to a question on the nature of anti-reflective coatings on glasses, AAO claims the ability for an AR coating to protect against glare is very slim. They go on to explain that in actuality only polarized lenses, which only come in dark tints, can properly guard against glare.Whether one should side with AAO on this issue is difficult to say. There is little hard data on the subject. Most information on the lenses is either anecdotal or coming from a source biased toward the coating being portrayed positively, such as a manufacturer or retailer. AAO’s criticisms are certainly worth bearing in mind, as the organization is a reliable source of information.Why Modern AR Coatings Are DurableAnti-reflective coatings have come a long since they were introduced. Original AR technology was ground-breaking, of course, but it had its flaws. AR lenses were more easily scratched than non-AR lenses, the coatings often peeled away over time and lenses seemed in constant need of cleaning.Many of the AR lens problems were solved in the early 2000s, and modern manufacturing continues to make improvements in the lens performance. AR coatings are now a misnomer: they aren’t coatings at all. Rather, anti-reflection chemicals are part of the lens production process. These days, there’s nothing to peel off or scratch.What’s more, many modern AR lenses include a chemical composition that helps keep dirt, water marks and smudges away from the lens.The average effective period for AR lenses is up to two years with proper care and without constant exposure to extreme temperatures. If you work in a profession that will make your glasses-wearing more demanding, consider investing in an eyeglass insurance policy—one that will enable you to replace your eyewear more than every two years. (Most vision policies permit replacement glasses once every two years.)How to Improve Your Lens DurabilityProper care for long-term durability of anti-reflective lenses includes following the basic cleaning rules for all glasses: Wipe your lenses only with soft clothes designed for eyeglass cleaning Never clean your glasses with your shirt or blouse Never clean your glasses with tissue or toilet paper Never clean your lenses with washcloths or towels Use a spray cleaner that does not contain alcohol, which can break down the ability of your lens composition Top Anti-Reflective Coatings BrandsFor those on a budget, even a very basic anti-reflective coating should generally suffice. This is doubly true if you are frequently cycling through prescriptions as you and your doctor try to find what is best for your needs. You primarily will just want a coating that is not prone to smudging or scratching.Hundreds of companies across the globe manufacture and distribute anti-reflective coatings and lenses. Some of the more popular brands come from Essilor, Asahi Glass, Essilor, PPG Industries, Royal DSM and Zeiss.Essilor (Crisal)Essilor’s top anti-reflective lenses are branded Crizal and Crizal A2, and they rank as one of the most popular lenses sold today.Asahi Glass (Clearsight)Asahi Glass has its Clearsight brand, an anti-reflective glass product that is enhanced with chemical-resistant and improved weather coating. It also has an anti-reflective coating for outdoor wear under brands names Solite Plus and Solatex Plus.PPG Industries (SOLARPHIRE AR)Sold under the brand name SOLARPHIRE AR, PPG’s anti-reflective glass lens boasts anti-glare, anti-smudge and anti-reflective coatings to protect and enhance vision for glasses and a number of other products with display screens (tablets, laptops, monitors, TVs and cell phones).ZEISSZEISS sells its anti-reflective coatings under the brands DuraVision Platinum, DuraVision Silver and LotuTec. It recently unveiled its PureCoat lens, which it says improves reflection, night vision and sight. ZEISS and DuPont jointly produced Teflon Clear Coat Lenses for “the clearest anti-reflective coatings.”Various AR BrandsSome quality brand name AR coatings are: Crizal Alize’ (Essilor) Crizal Avance’ with Scotchguard (Essilor) Hi Vision (Hoya) Super Hi Vision with ViewProtect (Hoya) Teflon Clear Coat (Zeiss) Carat Advantage (Zeiss) Other premium AR lenses (in alphabetical order): BluCrystal Crizal Easy UC Crizal Prevencia Kids Hi Vision Hoya Premium Kirland Premium AR KODAK CleAR RF Endura EZ VISO Zperio Sun UV Xperio Sun UV with mirrors Zeiss Dura Vision Chrome ReferencesAnti-Reflective (AR) Coating. Eyeglasses.com.TechShield Anti-Reflective Coatings. Vision Service Plan.What Are the Advantages of Anti-Reflective Coatings on Eyeglasses, if Any? (February 2015). American Academy of Ophthalmology.Antireflective Lens Coatings: Waste of Money or Must-Have for Happy Eyes? (November 2015). EndMyopia.UV Protection and Glare Protection. (July 2018). Zeiss.Crizal. Essilor of America.What Is the Cost of Crizal Lenses? (February 2019). cost-finder.com.The Best Anti-reflective Coatings of 2019. (August 22, 2019). Eyeson Eyecare.Antireflection Coating. (July 2021). Photonics.Top 5 Vendors in the Anti-Reflective Coaching Market from 2017 to 2021. (April 24, 2017). Technavio.Anti-Reflective Coating for Eyeglasses: Worth the Money? (May 28, 2020). RX-Able.What You Need to Know about Eyeglass Lens Coatings. (March 23, 2020). Consumer Reports.Progressive tier classifications 2020. (January 1, 2020). EyeMed.

In a 2015 response to a question on the nature of anti-reflective coatings on glasses, AAO claims the ability for an AR coating to protect against glare is very slim. They go on to explain that in actuality only polarized lenses, which only come in dark tints, can properly guard against glare.

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For those on a budget, even a very basic anti-reflective coating should generally suffice. This is doubly true if you are frequently cycling through prescriptions as you and your doctor try to find what is best for your needs. You primarily will just want a coating that is not prone to smudging or scratching.

While many pairs of sunglasses come with both an anti-reflective coating and UV protection, it is important to know that not all pairs of glasses with an AR coating protect your eyes from sunlight. Be sure to research the coating you’re choosing carefully as even some sellers, willfully or not, may have misinformation on their sites claiming a coating can protect your eyes from the sun when it cannot.

(Fine) adjustment of the amount of negative chirp is achieved by adjusting the position of the second prism (see lower panel of Figure 2). Both moving the prism along the optical axis (left) as well as changing how far the prism is inserted into the beam (right) will change the amount of GDD. The closer the two prisms are together and the thinner the prism section in the beam, the smaller the difference in wavelength-dependent delay. Both approaches can be found in commercially available prism pre-chirpers – with both having their own implementation challenges. No matter which is varied, the prism distance or the insertion of the second prism, the respective fixed parameter needs to be set up carefully initially, to ensure the best possible performance. If more negative chirp than can be achieved with a reasonable increase in the prism distance is needed, it is possible to reflect the beam back into the prism path for one or more further double passes (see inset in Figure 2).

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‡No interest will be charged on the promo purchase if you pay it off, in full, within the promo period. If you do not, interest will be charged on the promo purchase from the purchase date. The required minimum monthly payments may or may not pay off the promo purchase before the end of the promo period, depending on purchase amount, promo length and payment allocation. Regular account terms apply to non-promo purchases and, after promo period ends, to the promo balance. For new accounts: Purchase APR (interest rate) is 32.99%. Penalty APR is 39.99%. Minimum Interest Charge is $2. APR(s) are accurate as of 05/30/2024. Existing cardholders: See your credit card agreement terms. Subject to credit approval.

The average effective period for AR lenses is up to two years with proper care and without constant exposure to extreme temperatures. If you work in a profession that will make your glasses-wearing more demanding, consider investing in an eyeglass insurance policy—one that will enable you to replace your eyewear more than every two years. (Most vision policies permit replacement glasses once every two years.)

On the GDD-compensation side, the best performance is achieved when a prism compressor is designed or at least optimized for the intended experiments. This includes planning for the GDD of the microscope (including the table optics). More importantly, it requires the wavelength range and pulse width of the laser being used to be known and considered.

There are some things often believed, and even claimed by sellers, about anti-reflective coatings that either aren’t true or are at least debated and controversial.

Of the options available for anti-reflective coatings, Crizal coatings are regarded as some of the best by multiple reviewers. These can be expensive though. For a cheaper coating, you will primarily want something that is not likely to smudge.

Many of the AR lens problems were solved in the early 2000s, and modern manufacturing continues to make improvements in the lens performance. AR coatings are now a misnomer: they aren’t coatings at all. Rather, anti-reflection chemicals are part of the lens production process. These days, there’s nothing to peel off or scratch.

GDD compensation is routinely achieved by splitting the different wavelengths of the laser pulse and having the longer wavelength components travel a larger geometric distance than the shorter wavelength components, thereby delaying these. While it is possible to use optical gratings to achieve this, the most widespread approach is to use prisms.

As pulse lengths shorten, the effects of GDD become more pronounced. At the same time, once pulses get into the 50 to 70 fs range, the impact of higher order derivatives of dispersion, so-called “higher order dispersion” become increasingly relevant. Here, the most dominant form is third-order dispersion (TOD). Both GDD and TOD lead to a decrease in peak power, but through different effects: GDD broadens pulses, symmetrically spreading the pulse energy over more time. In contrast, TOD causes energy to be moved from the core of the pulse, up to the point of creating something similar to satellite pulses (see Figure 4).

Different terms are used when talking about second-order dispersion. These describe related but different aspects of second order dispersion and are not all interchangeable.

Each of these layers is designed to block specific wavelengths of light, allowing the glasses to have anti-reflective properties with basically no noticeable drawbacks (beyond increased cost).

Essilor’s top anti-reflective lenses are branded Crizal and Crizal A2, and they rank as one of the most popular lenses sold today.

Websites and dispensing opticians often claim AR coating protects against glare. This is a claim you will see almost everywhere that offers anti-reflective coatings. However, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) takes issue with this claim.

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In optics, the f-number (sometimes called focal ratio, f-ratio, or relative aperture[1]) of an optical system expresses the diameter of the entrance pupil ...

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For multiphoton excitation, be it two-photon or three-photon, peak power is the dominant factor determining excitation efficacy of a single laser pulse. The peak power of a laser pulse is the pulse energy divided by the pulse duration (where the pulse energy is the average laser power divided by the laser repetition rate). So, for a given pulse energy, the shorter the pulse duration, the higher the peak power and the brighter fluorescence excited by the pulse. At the same time, only energy in the actual core pulse will contribute to the peak power. To take an extreme example: in a poorly pulsing Ti:Sa laser that has continuous wave break through (i.e. the laser pulses are adding on to a steady laser emission), the average power in the breakthrough does not contribute exciting fluorescence, only adding heat to the sample.

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Second-order dispersion (i.e. group velocity dispersion – see definitions below) and its effect on multiphoton imaging was introduced in the first part of this series. Here, we will consider a few additional effects as well as looking at the simplest form of dispersion compensation: the prism pre-chirper.

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Asahi Glass has its Clearsight brand, an anti-reflective glass product that is enhanced with chemical-resistant and improved weather coating. It also has an anti-reflective coating for outdoor wear under brands names Solite Plus and Solatex Plus.

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Anti-reflective coating, also called AR coating and anti-glare coating, is when a series of layers are adhered to the front and back of lens (or just the back for polarized lenses) to reduce the reflections that normally bounce off a lens.

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One final aspect to consider, is that dispersion is wavelength dependent. This dependence will vary with the material or combination of materials being used. Looking at GDD, generally the shorter the wavelength, the higher the dispersion (Figure 3). For the most common glass types, this means that the dispersion changes sign at longer wavelengths – switching from positively chirping to negatively chirping (i.e. shorter wavelengths travelling faster). This transition usually happens at some point between 1400 and 1700 nm. The result of this is that for three-photon microscopy different pre-chirping approaches will usually need to be used for imaging at 1300 nm (e.g. eGFP or GCaMP) and 1700 nm (e.g. m Cherry or R-GECO).

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Proper care for long-term durability of anti-reflective lenses includes following the basic cleaning rules for all glasses:

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In two-photon microscopy, second order dispersion (i.e. group delay dispersion, GDD) is the most common form of dispersion contributing to a loss of fluorescence signal. As described in the introduction to this series, the effect of GDD is a broadening of the pulse – spreading the pulse energy over longer time, reducing the peak power of the pulses (see Figure 1 below as a brief reminder).

Hundreds of companies across the globe manufacture and distribute anti-reflective coatings and lenses. Some of the more popular brands come from Essilor, Asahi Glass, Essilor, PPG Industries, Royal DSM and Zeiss.

Whether one should side with AAO on this issue is difficult to say. There is little hard data on the subject. Most information on the lenses is either anecdotal or coming from a source biased toward the coating being portrayed positively, such as a manufacturer or retailer. AAO’s criticisms are certainly worth bearing in mind, as the organization is a reliable source of information.

One step to this is selecting components to avoid dispersion where it is not needed (e.g. replacing Pockels cells with other means of laser power control when using sub-70 fs pulses).

This coating generally costs about $20 to $90 to apply to a pair of glasses. AR coatings developed a bad reputation for quickly deteriorating in the past, but modern AR coatings usually last a fairly long time unless exposed to extreme conditions.

One of the most important misconceptions to dispel is the notion that an AR coating equals UV protection. An AR coating does not protect your eyes from UV rays (such as those from the sun), which can cause eye damage.

AR coating makes glass less reflective (hence the name), and this can make your glasses look nicer in photos and under bright lights. There is some debate about how much they help with glare, although many claim they reduce glare to at least some degree. Some AR coatings also have additional benefits, such as making glasses less prone to scratching.

The board-certified surgeons at NVISION have performed over 2.5 million procedures. Your journey to better vision starts here.

But this doesn’t mean that we need to accept broad and distorted pulses and the resulting loss of excitation efficiency. Careful selection and setup of the imaging equipment allows the use of pulses as short as 30 fs to be used without GDD or TOD becoming a limiting factor for imaging performance and quality of the resulting data.