Objectiveback focal plane

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1Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, Domaine Universitaire de Saint Jérôme, 13013 Marseille, France

When it comes to optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes, the objective lens and ocular lens play distinct roles in shaping our viewing experience. Understanding the differences between these crucial components is fundamental to unlocking the full potential of these devices.

Objective lens

Zenghu Chang, Li Fang, Vladimir Fedorov, Chase Geiger, Shambhu Ghimire, Christian Heide, Nobuhisa Ishii, Jiro Itatani, Chandrashekhar Joshi, Yuki Kobayashi, Prabhat Kumar, Alphonse Marra, Sergey Mirov, Irina Petrushina, Mikhail Polyanskiy, David A. Reis, Sergei Tochitsky, Sergey Vasilyev, Lifeng Wang, Yi Wu, and Fangjie Zhou Adv. Opt. Photon. 14(4) 652-782 (2022)

Understanding the numerical aperture of the objective lens is crucial, as it determines factors such as resolution and depth of field. The ocular lens complements this by providing additional magnification, allowing for intricate examination and analysis.

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Conversely, the ocular lens, also known as the eyepiece, is situated near the observer's eye. Its primary function is to further magnify the image produced by the objective lens. Ocular lenses are often interchangeable, allowing users to customize their viewing experience based on desired magnification. The most common magnification for a microscope ocular lens is 10x. Additional magnifications of microscope ocular lenses include 12.5x, 15x, and 20x.

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Microscope

The objective lens is the primary magnifying element in optical instruments. Positioned closer to the object being observed, it captures and magnifies the incoming light, bringing the specimen into focus. The objective lens is characterized by its varying magnification levels and includes the numerical aperture of the objective.

Basanta Bhaduri, Chris Edwards, Hoa Pham, Renjie Zhou, Tan H. Nguyen, Lynford L. Goddard, and Gabriel Popescu Adv. Opt. Photon. 6(1) 57-119 (2014)

Bobo Gu, Chujun Zhao, Alexander Baev, Ken-Tye Yong, Shuangchun Wen, and Paras N. Prasad Adv. Opt. Photon. 8(2) 328-369 (2016)

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The objective lens and ocular lens are indispensable components in optical instruments, each contributing uniquely to the observation process. Recognizing their differences and understanding how they collaborate enhances our ability to explore the microscopic world with precision and clarity.

To achieve optimal magnification and clarity, the objective lens and ocular lens must work in harmony. The process begins with the objective lens capturing light from the specimen, forming an intermediate image. This image is then further magnified by the ocular lens, delivering a detailed and enlarged view to the observer.

Diffraction gratings were discovered during the 18th century, and they are now widely used in spectrometry analysis, with outstanding achievements spanning from the probing of single molecules in biological samples to the analysis of solar systems in astronomy. The fabrication of high-quality diffraction gratings requires precise control of the period at a nanometer scale. The discovery of lasers in the 1960s gave birth to optical beam lithography in the 1970s. This technology revolutionized the fabrication of diffraction gratings by offering highly precise control of the grating period over very large scales. It is surprising to see that a few years after, the unique spectral properties of diffraction gratings revolutionized, in turn, the field of high-energy lasers. We review in this paper the physics of diffraction gratings and detail the interest in them for pulse compression of high-power laser systems.

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Diffraction gratings were discovered during the 18th century, and they are now widely used in spectrometry analysis, with outstanding achievements spanning from the probing of single molecules in biological samples to the analysis of solar systems in astronomy. The fabrication of high-quality diffraction gratings requires precise control of the period at a nanometer scale. The discovery of lasers in the 1960s gave birth to optical beam lithography in the 1970s. This technology revolutionized the fabrication of diffraction gratings by offering highly precise control of the grating period over very large scales. It is surprising to see that a few years after, the unique spectral properties of diffraction gratings revolutionized, in turn, the field of high-energy lasers. We review in this paper the physics of diffraction gratings and detail the interest in them for pulse compression of high-power laser systems.