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With long focal lengths, foreground and background objects will often appear to be closer together in the final image. This effect is sometimes called “telephoto compression”, although it is not actually caused by the lens itself. What really happens is that when using a telephoto lens, you will need to be further away from your subjects. So, relative to the distance from the camera to the foreground and background subjects, they actually are closer together. Another way of saying this is that since both the foreground and background objects are at a considerable distance from the camera, their relative sizes in the final image will be closer to reality. When shooting with a wide-angle lens you normally need to get close to the foreground subject so that it is sufficiently large in the frame, which is why more distant objects look comparatively smaller. The difference in apparent perspective is actually a result of how far you are from your subject.

Focal length

Holographic gratings are designed to eliminate many of the errors associated with conventional surface relief components. Briefly, they are engineered by selectively exposing a substrate or photoreactive material on the substrate to a laser generated optical interference pattern of outstanding uniformity. This action then ‘writes’ a periodic structure into the chosen medium. Holography is now the gold-standard manufacturing technique for diffraction gratings. Learn more about the advantages of VPH gratings.

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The “Focal length vs. angle of view” comparison illustrates this relationship for both 35 mm full frame and APS-C format cameras.

“Angle of view” describes how much of the scene in front of the camera will be captured by the camera’s sensor. In slightly more technical terms, it is the angular extent of the scene captured on the sensor, measured diagonally. It is important to remember that angle of view is entirely determined by both the focal length of the lens and the format of the camera’s sensor, so the angle of view you get from any given lens will be different on 35 mm full-frame and APS-C format cameras. Different lenses of equal focal length will always have the same angle of view when used with the same-size sensor.

There are many types of diffraction gratings, which can make the selection process tricky. This article is intended to act as a brief primer on the different types of diffraction gratings to help you select the right one for your application needs.

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* Focal length in ( ): equivalent focal length when mounted on interchangeable-lens digital cameras with 35 mm full-frame sensors

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But we can extend the different types of diffraction gratings further to discuss the new and emerging manufacturing techniques for holographic gratings. Etched-in relief gratings comprised of fused silica and volume phase holographic (VPH) diffraction gratings, for instance, are two radically different design paradigms for modern optical systems. While both offer significantly higher efficiency than ruled gratings, VPH grating technology offers the optical engineer more design options to achieve the desired efficiency profile.

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Wasatch Photonics is one of the industry’s leading suppliers of precision diffraction gratings for various optical systems. We appreciate the challenges of selecting the right optics for your application, and welcome the opportunity to design a grating to your specific needs. If you are looking for a new solution, why not contact us today to explore the possibilities?

What isfocal lengthof lens

Aberration definition: A deviation from what is considered proper or normal.

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The focal length of a lens is defined as the distance from its secondary principal point to its rear focal point when focus is set to infinity. The secondary principal point is one of six “cardinal points” that are used as points of reference in an optical lens (front and rear focal points, primary and secondary nodal points, and primary and secondary principal points). There’s no predefined location for the secondary principal point in a compound lens—it could be somewhere inside the lens barrel or at some point outside the barrel, depending on the design of the lens—so there’s no easy way to accurately measure the focal length of a lens yourself.

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Longer focal lengths correspond to higher magnification and vice-versa. Wide-angle lenses with short focal lengths have low magnification, which means you have to get physically close to an average-size subject to fill the frame. But that also means you can fit large subjects in the frame without having to shoot from a distance. Telephoto lenses with long focal lengths have high magnification, so you can fill the frame with subjects that are further away from the camera.

Reflection or transmission is one of the most fundamental distinctions in diffraction grating terminology. Essentially, a reflection grating diffracts light back into the plane of incidence while transmission gratings transmit dispersed light through. Due to the ability to better compensate for aberrations, optical systems made with transmission gratings have comparatively low alignment sensitivity, which can be a significant benefit for applications where minute alignment errors or temperature changes could wreak havoc on results. Consequently, transmission gratings are preferred over reflective components for many OEM applications.

Gratings alter the phase of reflected or transmitted light based on their unique structural properties. A conventional surface relief grating is engineered by ruling a substrate material with equally-spaced grooves, creating the popular and easily recognizable ‘blazed’ surface. This is an expensive and time-consuming design process that may require multiple test gratings to be fabricated via diamond tooling before the final component is produced via replication. Ruled gratings also suffer from fairly high light scattering. Once manufactured, a ruled grating must be handled with care, as it cannot be cleaned without significant risk of damage. Dust, fingerprints, or other contamination adds to the inherent scatter of the grating over time.

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Focal length, or focal length range in the case of zooms, will usually be the foremost consideration when choosing a lens for a specific photograph or type of photography. The focal length of a lens determines two characteristics that are very important to photographers: magnification and angle of view.

[1] Secondary principal point of lens  [2] Focal length  [3] Angle of view (measured diagonally)  [4] Focal plane (image sensor plane)

Diffraction gratings are widely used optical components featuring periodic structures that allow dispersion of light in a more compact, convenient format than a prism. They operate on the principle of interference to split multi-spectral light into its constituent wavelengths and, like a prism, disperse them spatially through a range of angles. The most common type of grating structure uses numerous parallel rulings on a surface in a manner similar to a series of slits, resulting in a superposition of waves that diffract light by wavelength, effectively separating it into its colors. This is not the only fundamental design type of diffraction grating, but it has become the widely-used standard for many applications.

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