In 1995 Hans van Esdonk left the Philips Center of Manufacturing Technology where he had been a specialist in the application of excimer lasers. His company, Excilas, serves companies in southeast region of the Netherlands in addition to companies in other European countries, Asia, and the U.S. The company prefers to work in projects with well-defined phases and deliverables.

Most eclipse sites recommend using special eclipse glasses, which are often made from Mylar that blocks off most of the Sun's light. If these are not available, the recommendation is often some form of pinhole projection method.

Are UV lasers dangerous

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Identify one end of the cardboard tube as your projection screen. Glue the matte black paper to the inside of the tube there, to absorb unwanted reflected light.

However, when a lens is used instead of a pinhole, a clear bright image can be obtained. The trick is finding a lens that has a long enough focal length to produce a large image.

Of course, this isn't good enough for us. The image formed in this way is often too bright, and it gets annoying when people walk between the glasses and the screen. You also wouldn't want anyone sticking their head in the beam path and looking at the Sun, through the glasses.

This Instructable demonstrates a way to safely view the a solar eclipse using a lens-based projection method. It also works for (large) sunspot watching. All you really need is a pair of dollar store reading glasses, some cardboard, and duct tape!

PInhole projectors are easy to construct, requiring only a screen, a pinhole, and usually some form of shielding to block out ambient light. The problem with pinhole projectors is that the images formed are often underwhelming. With a pinhole-to-screen distance of about 30 cm, you'll get an image of the Sun that's barely 2 mm across.

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The company has two excimer lasers. They can be filled with different gas mixtures to choose the best wavelength for a specific application.

Digital holography optically generates a hologram, which is then recorded on a CCD camera, and an image is reconstructed using digital techniques.

Fortunately, such lenses are easily available, in the form of cheap dollar store or drug store reading glasses. These glasses are specified in diopters, which is simply the inverse of its focal length, f. Reading glasses typically come in the range of +1.0 to +3.5 diopters, which translates to focal lengths of 1 metre down to about 30 cm.

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And that's it! To use the viewer, aim the lens end at the Sun. Use the shadow of the viewer to guide your aim - find the position that gives the smallest shadow. Slide the sleeve to get a sharp focus. Prop it up or use a tripod for a steadier setup.

Using the cardstock, construct a sleeve that fits snugly around the tube. This sleeve should not be too loose, some effort should be required to slide it back and forth along the tube.

Thanks to his Philips background, van Esdonk has an extended network of high-tech partners so the company is well suited to serve other companies in finding an optimum solution for production problems. The service may range from application research through design and development of production systems to transfer of know how.

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Excimerlaser

What makes them so well suited for marking synthetics and glass and for creating safety features on ID and credit cards? Again the short wavelength is important because the small spot size allows penetration into the material where chemical and or physical transitions will result in changes that can be observed either by the naked eye or under special light or with proper magnification.

Like all other types of lasers ultraviolet lasers are suited for a specific field of applications. They are well suited for applications on a micro scale with high quality results. This has opened a wide range of new applications for which there is no alternative technology. It is certain that in the future we will see a number of new applications that we haven’t even thought of today. The relatively low processing rate, compared to visible and infrared laser radiation, will challenge the laser manufacturers to develop lasers with higher average powers. This will help to reduce the costs of the technology.

The Dutch company Lasertec, located in Barendrecht near the city of Rotterdam, will celebrate its 10th anniversary this year. As one of the first companies to use solid-state ultraviolet lasers it has broad experience in development of special processes. Over the years it has built working relations with specialists in design and manufacturing of production units and also with the manufacture of synthetics. Through these relationships the company can supply customers with turnkey solutions.

The Sun is essentially an object at infinity. This means that rays coming from the Sun will converge towards the focal point of the lens, which is at a distance equal to the focal length away from the centre of the lens. Thus, for a +1.00 diopter lens, the Sun's image will be 1 metre away from the lens. A +2.00 diopter lens has a focal length of 50 cm, so the image will appear 50 cm away.

Solar eclipses are rare astronomical events which are exciting to watch, but require some form of equipment for safe viewing. Even if most of the Sun is obscured, it still emits enough light, particularly ultraviolet light, that can cause permanent damage to the eyes.

The word “laser” can mean different things to different people, depending on their experience or specific knowledge. They may be familiar with one of the industrial applications like drilling, cutting, or welding. Perhaps they know about eye corrections by laser or have visited a laser light show. But I wonder how many know that the marks on drugs they may be using are made by laser, that advanced safety features on ID and credit cards are made by laser, or that eyeglasses have almost invisible marks made by laser. The lasers used for these applications are ultraviolet (UV) lasers that generate light with wavelengths in the range of 150 to 400 nm.

Tape the lens over the aperture. This is a good point to try out the lens/aperture assembly, to see if the image of the Sun is neither too bright nor too dim.

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In structuring of surfaces these lasers fill the gap between lithographic techniques as used in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication and mechanical micromachining and micro-spark erosion.

First, a bit of simple geometrical optics. Reading glasses use convex lenses to achieve their corrective action, so you can simply use the basic rules of geometrical optics to work out where and how big the final image will be.

The second type of UV laser is a gas laser, the excimer laser. The wavelength of this laser depends on the type of gas mixture used. The beam generated isn’t round but has a rectangular shape with an intensity distribution more or less constant over the cross section of the beam that falls off sharply at the edges. Masks can be used to generate specific spot geometries. Process details can be as small as a few microns, while the distance between focusing optics and workpiece can be as large as 50 to 100 mm. Holograms may also be used to generate specific beam energy patterns.

The third type of UV laser is the metal vapor laser. The copper vapor laser is mainly used although vapors of several other metals can also be suitable. Copper vapor lasers generate radiation at 511 nm and 578 nm wavelength. Frequency mixing and doubling are use to generate ultraviolet radiation with 255 nm, 271 nm, and 289 nm wavelength. The beam shape is Gaussian, which makes the laser well suited for the same range of applications as the solid-state ultraviolet laser.

Optics is a precision science. Rather than get everything measured out to the last decimal point, it's easier to plan for some way of moving the lens, so that the best focus can be achieved on the fly.

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What are UV lasers used for

Many of these applications require the user to have proper know how about UV lasers and also about optics and the material to be processed. Manufacturers of UV lasers and specific companies with facilities for application research are helping industry to develop new processes using these lasers.

Thus, a +1.0 diopter pair of reading glasses is just perfect for our needs. To quickly build a projection system, simply place the glasses and the projection screen a metre apart. Adjust the glasses and the screen until a clear image of the Sun is obtained.

Once you've got a lens/aperture assembly you're satisfied with, tape it over the sleeve, then slide the sleeve back onto the tube.

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Cut out some cardstock that fits over the end of the sleeve. This forms the lens holder. In the centre of this lens holder, cut out a small aperture, about 1 cm in diameter. This aperture reduces the amount of light landing on the screen, producing a image that is not too glaring to look at.

According to van Esdonk, beside an interest from the micromachining industry there is an increase in interest in biomedical applications where the short wavelength and the short pulses of ultraviolet lasers are of benefit.

For an object at infinity, the angular size of the image is the same as the angular size of the object. The angular size of the Sun is about 0.5 degrees, hence the angular size of the image is also 0.5 degrees. Knowing the distance at which the image forms, and the angle it subtends, you can calculate its actual size. No need for trigonometry when you have a long focal length and a small angular distance - simply use the small angle approximation (distance x angle in radians), and you'll find that the Sun's image from a +1.00 diopter lens is approximately 9 mm across.

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Ultravioletlaserdiode

The image size can be increased by making the pinhole-to-screen distance longer. Doubling this distance will double the diameter of the image, but its brightness will be reduced by a factor of 4, as light intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. So, while in theory you can make a huge image with a pinhole projector by having the screen really far away, the image be so dim that it'll be hard to make out anything.

So, while a lens with a higher power requires a shorter projection distance, the image formed is correspondingly smaller. This is also where things start running into the danger zone - you're focusing all that solar energy into a smaller and smaller area. At some point it'll get hot enough to burn your projection screen (think magnifying glass and Sun).

If you have a thrift store nearby, they sometimes have a bin of misc wires and you could get lucky.

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The main services the company provides are laser engraving of precision tools; direct laser marking of metals, glass, and synthetics; application research in new methods to compliment conventional manufacturing technologies; development of ultraviolet-based production process; and preventive maintenance of ultraviolet laser systems. According to the director of the company, Marco Bak, the company can also take full process responsibility.

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