If you love shooting with a wide depth of field, you are not alone. During the Great Depression, there was a group of photographers who called themselves Group f/64. Famous photographers, including Ansel Adams and Imogen Cunningham, were members. The group’s mission was to make sure they captured their subjects realistically, so they were committed to wide depths of field to reveal sharp (and therefore, more realistic) images. They were against the Pictorialist movement of their time because Pictorialists favored images with softly focused subjects and preferred portraits that resembled drawings or paintings.

When you’re mastering photography, your first stop will probably be the f-stop. Don’t let all those numbers on your lens intimidate you! The concept may feel counterintuitive at first if you’re not mathematically minded, but we can promise you that the f-stop is a cinch once you’ve got your head wrapped around it. Coming from some pretty non-mathy people, that means a lot.

Your lens will come equipped with a certain range of apertures, so confirm before buying that your new piece of equipment will do what you need it to do. You can usually find the aperture range along the outside of your lens barrel.

Sounds pretty simple right? But focal length is all about comparisons. It’s possible to still get similar results (with regard to depth of field) from different focal lengths by adjusting the settings we’ve already covered here. Yes, this does add yet another element into the mix, and you can feel free to ignore it if you’re still getting your sea legs. Once you’re feeling confident with adjusting stops to control depth of field, you can start adding lens focal length to your depth of field toolkit.

As we mentioned previously, the aperture is the hole that allows light to shine through your lens (and the f-number measures the diameter of that hole). It’s basically the eye of your camera (think of the shutter as your eyelid), and it’s similar to your eye in a lot of ways. Think about how your pupils expand to let more light in when you’re in the dark. This is exactly how aperture works.

Lens focal length can also affect the depth of field in your images. Your focal length controls your field of view (FOV), which is what you see in your viewfinder:

As you can see, playing with each of these settings to get the proper exposure is an art form in and of itself. To master the triangle, you are going to have to experiment and practice. Thankfully, there’s a shortcut (see the next section on Aperture Priority Mode) you can use while you brush up on your triangle techniques.

Still, you’re probably wondering why f-stops aren’t all whole numbers. Your f-stop scale includes more numbers than just those halving and doubling exposure. For instance, between f/2 and f/4 you also see f/3.2 and f/3.5. These are thirds of a stop, and they’re there to give you more control.

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A stop is one way photographers like to talk about measuring light. Each movement up a stop doubles the amount of light entering the camera, but decreases the numerical value (for example, going from f/8 to f/5.6 is one stop up). That’s right friends, here comes the math.

By now you know a lot about the f-stop, but have you heard about t-stop? It would be understandable if you haven’t, because it’s most commonly found on a cinematographer’s lenses.

Essentially, the t-stop, which stands for transmission stop, is more accurate at determining exposure than an f-stop. This is because each t-stop lens is tested by the manufacturer being sold. F-stops can be off by about a third of a stop (at most), which can be fixed in post-production. However, many cinematographers may prefer a t-stop lens to help save money in post-production.

If someone asks you to “stop down,” you’ll increase your f-number. If someone were to ask you to “stop up,” you would decrease your f-number. Think of stopping up in terms of aperture size, not the actual number.

Your ISO is the sensitivity of the digital sensor in your camera. When the ISO value is higher, your camera doesn’t need to collect as much light for the right exposure.

To keep both the foreground and the background in focus for a photo spanning a lot of distance like this one does, try using stop settings of f/16 or f/22 (definitely over f/11). Also, when you’re in the wide depth of field range, use the Sunny 16 Rule: On a sunny day, it’s best to use stops of f/16 or higher.

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It’s worth noting that this is probably not information you will use at every shoot. Once you get a feel for shooting in manual or aperture priority, you’ll get a lot better at eyeballing the right setting. But understanding the theory behind it is never a bad thing, and now you do. Or if you don’t yet, you’re about to.

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Simply put, depth of field is how much of your image is in focus compared to how much of your image is out of focus (or blurry).

If there’s one thing we hope you take away, is that the wider your aperture, the smaller your f-number will be. It’s not rocket science, but can take a little getting used to when you want to shoot fast without thinking. Start practicing with some stationary subjects or still life setups to give you plenty of time to make adjustments and play around. Your comfort level will grow with every shot, and soon you’ll be ready to move on to your next photography adventure!

Let’s go back a ways and elaborate on a loose comparison from earlier to help you visualize what each point of the triangle does: if your eye is the camera, the aperture is your pupil. It expands and contracts to accommodate the amount of light you need in a particular situation. The shutter is your eyelid. When it’s open, light can travel through for your brain to interpret into a scene. When it’s closed, you’re out of luck. The ISO is how much light your eye can stand at a time. You know how some people can look right at bright lights while others squint and tear up? Think of that when you think of ISO.

This fraction is why a lower number is actually a bigger aperture than a higher number. Think of it like a pie – 1/4th of a pie is obviously much larger than 1/8th of a pie (or f/8). A larger opening of f/4 lets more light into your lens than a smaller opening of f/8.

Aperture priority is a semi-manual mode – to use it, turn the dial on the top of your camera to ‘A’ or ‘Av.’ This allows you to select the aperture, while your camera’s computer calculates the shutter speed for proper exposure.

Your shutter speed refers to the amount of time your shutter is open, allowing the light from your lens to hit the sensor. This is measured in seconds, or fractions of them. A faster speed (where the shutter is open for a shorter amount of time) lets in less light. A slower speed (where the shutter is open for a longer time) allows more light in.

In some lenses, maximum aperture is fixed, but there are lenses on the market (called variable aperture lenses) on which your maximum aperture can change. In variable aperture lenses, your maximum aperture depends on how far you zoom in.

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You can probably gather from this that darker scenes will usually require a wider f-stop, while bright scenes require a more narrow f-stop, to avoid overexposure. That’s really the most crucial thing to understand about aperture: how to use it to maintain detail and definition in your highlights and shadows, regardless of the light you’re contending with at any particular moment.

Now it’s time to grab your camera for some hands-on experience. Quickly find a scene you’d like to capture (it doesn’t have to be fancy; anything that’s at your fingertips will do at this point). Now snap several photos, changing your f-stop each time. Have a look at the resulting photos – notice how the levels of crispness and light change in each image.

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These numbers might seem strange until you understand what they mean exactly. Without getting too much into the complicated math behind f-stops, here’s an easy explanation that may help you get a grasp on why f-stops are written as they are:

We’ve covered a lot of ground in this guide. You should have a good grasp on how f-stops affect your aperture, how to control exposure and depth of field by stopping up or down, and have a solid understanding of the theory behind f-numbers and focal lengths.

Here’s a handy cheat: when you hear “stop up,” think “open up,” because that’s what you’re doing. Don’t worry visual learners, we’re coming at you with a chart:

What do we mean by “artistic purposes?” Changing your f-stop for light balancing will also change your depth of field. But for artistic reasons you may want exactly the depth of field you already have. In this case, you will need to change something else to get the right exposure. ISO and shutter speed have their own little quirks as well:

A larger aperture (lower stop number) allows more light into your camera lens, as shown in the image on the left. While a smaller aperture (higher stop number) allows less light into your lens, as shown in the image on the right:

Maggie King is a freelance writer, photo editor, and mother of three. She specializes in product photography retouching and creates regular content for several blogs and social media presences.

This is the kind of stuff we’re going to talk about in this guide. You will learn how to manipulate your f-stop to reach your artistic goals, so you don’t have to rely on your camera’s calculations to get the outcome you’re looking for. Let’s get started!

We mentioned it briefly above, but here’s the full story on the exposure triangle. For proper exposure, you need three elements working in tandem: shutter speed, ISO, and aperture. These elements all control the amount of light entering your camera, but they each do so in their own unique way.

Imagine you’ve been asked to take photos at a friend’s graduation. For one shot, you’ve decided to snap a candid photo of your friend during the ceremony. Since there are other grads standing nearby, they are also in the shot. But you’d really like to focus on your friend (you’re there to capture his moment, after all).

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The f-stop is only one kind of stop. Any of the three elements in the exposure triangle can be “stopped up” or “stopped down.” When you’re reading about photography techniques, just remember that the f-stop exclusively refers to aperture, while the more generic, plain “stop” can refer to other aspects of photography.

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If you’ve opted to shoot the scene in automatic mode, your camera’s calculations will be geared toward providing the best exposure for the entire scene. That means it will focus on the whole crowd, instead of just your friend. In order to manifest your creative vision, you’ll have to adjust the f-stop on your camera manually. In manual mode, you’ll be able to selectively focus on the grad.

It’s important to note that f-stop calculations are made for you when your camera is in automatic mode. That might take some extra mental gymnastics off your plate, but remember that in this mode your camera adjusts the f-number with mathematical, not artistic, intelligence.

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The main similarity between changing your f-stop to adjust aperture and changing your ISO or shutter speed is that all three will impact the exposure of an image. If you change one for artistic purposes, you may need to make adjustments somewhere else to keep the light balanced in your image.

Each movement down a stop halves the amount of light that comes through your lens, but increases the numerical value (for example, going from f/2 to f/2.8 is one stop down). We’ll cover this concept in greater detail later.

a. Increase your stop number. b. Decrease your stop number. c. If you’re photographing your subject on a staircase, tell them to go down a step. d. Realize that it’s time for another tricky photography vocabulary learning moment.

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A larger aperture lets more light into the camera’s sensor to produce less focus and a shallow depth of field. Conversely, a smaller aperture forces light into a narrow beam that produces more focus and a wider depth of field. (Don’t worry, we’ll get into depth of field a little further down.)

Give it a try yourself by filling in the blanks here – and remember, the answer is the opposite of what you might expect! (Scroll down to the bottom of the article for the answers.)

“OK, great,” you might say. “But how does this affect depth of field?” Well, a wider field of view tends to also yield a wider depth of field. So in general:

We’ve already talked about what aperture is (the opening that allows light to travel through your lens and hit your camera sensor). Now, let’s briefly review ISO and shutter speed.

This shot gets us up-close and personal with the f-stop. Here you can spot two features that’ll help you to understand what an f-stop is:

F-stops are actually ratios. They are derived from your lens’ focal length divided by the diameter of your aperture. They represent a fraction of your aperture opening. For instance, an f-stop of f/4 means 1/4th or 25 percent of the lens is open. On a 100mm lens, f/4 would measure 25mm or about an inch.

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Here’s the thing that trips most people up at first: The smaller your f-stop number is, the bigger the opening of your aperture.