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What is diffraction gratingin physics

Consider two rays which emerge making an angle with the straight through line. Constructive interference (brightness) will occur if the difference in their two path lengths is an integral multiple of their wavelength () i.e., difference = n where n = 1, 2, 3, ... Now, a triangle is formed, as indicated in the diagram, for which n = d sin( ) and this is known as the DIFFRACTION GRATING EQUATION. In this formula is the angle of emergence (called deviation, D, for the prism) at which a wavelength will be bright, d is the distance between slits (note that d = 1 / N if N, called the grating constant, is the number of lines per unit length) and n is the "order number", a positive integer (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) representing the repetition of the spectrum. Thus, the colors present in the light from the source incident on the grating would emerge each at a different angle since each has a different wavelength . Furthermore, a complete spectrum would be observed for n = 1 and another complete spectrum for n = 2, etc., but at larger angles. Also, the triangle formed by rays to the left of 0o is identical to the triangle formed by rays to the right of 0o but the angles R and L (Right and Left) would be the same only if the grating is perpendicular to the incident beam. This perpendicularity is inconvenient to achieve so, in practice, R and L are both measured and their average is used as in the grating equation. PROCEDURE Calibrating the Spectrometer Read and follow the procedures for calibrating the spectroscope found in the previous experiment. The calibration can be performed with the grating in place on the table. Measuring CAUTION: The diffraction grating is a photographic reproduction and should NOT be touched. The deeper recess in the holder is intended to protect it from damage. Therefore, the glass is on the shallow side of the holder and the grating is on the deep side. Place the grating on the center of the table with its scratches running vertically, and with the base material (glass) facing the light source. In this way, one can study diffraction without the complication of refraction (recall from the previous lab how light behaves when traveling through glass at other than normal incidence). Fix the grating in place using masking tape. Rotate the table to make the grating perpendicular to the incident beam by eye. This is not critical since the average of R and L accommodates a minor misalignment. Affirm maximum brightness for the straight through beam by adjusting the source-slit alignment. At this step, the slit should be narrow, perhaps a few times wider than the hairline. Search for the spectrum by moving the telescope to one side or the other. This spectrum should look much like that observed with the prism except that the order of the colors as you move away from zero degrees is reversed. Search for the second- and third-order spectra. Do not measure the higher-order angles, but record the order of colors away from zero degrees. For each of the seven colors in the mercury spectrum, measure the angles R and L to the nearest tenth of a degree by placing the hairline on the stationary side of the slit. Analysis Average the right and left angles for each color. Use the grating equation with d=(1/6000) cm to find the wavelength for each color. Remember that 108 angstrom = 1 cm. Calculate the percent deviation for each wavelength using % deviation = (data-theory)/theory x 100% where "theory" is the tabulated wavelength from the last experiment. Do not ignore the sign; it contains information. A positive % deviation means that the value is above the theory; a negative % deviation means that the value is below the theory. Do you notice any systematic problems in your seven % deviations? Use the grating equation with the tabulated values of from last time and your measured values of to calculate seven different values of N, the grating constant (N=1/d). Average the seven values of N. For the error on N, use the standard deviation on the mean (SDOM). Compare your answer to the accepted value of 6000 lines/cm. Does your value of N agree with the manufacturer's value within the error range? See Taylor page 5 if you are confused. What could be causing any discrepancy? Why is it necessary that the base side of the grating face toward the light source? Draw a ray diagram for the two cases: a) base toward the source (correct) and b) grating toward the source (incorrect). A certain color emerges at 15o in the first-order spectrum. At what angle would this same color emerge in the second order if the same source and grating are used? Don't forget your two random and two systematic error sources. Back to the Electricity and Magnetism Manual

Thus, the colors present in the light from the source incident on the grating would emerge each at a different angle since each has a different wavelength . Furthermore, a complete spectrum would be observed for n = 1 and another complete spectrum for n = 2, etc., but at larger angles. Also, the triangle formed by rays to the left of 0o is identical to the triangle formed by rays to the right of 0o but the angles R and L (Right and Left) would be the same only if the grating is perpendicular to the incident beam. This perpendicularity is inconvenient to achieve so, in practice, R and L are both measured and their average is used as in the grating equation. PROCEDURE Calibrating the Spectrometer Read and follow the procedures for calibrating the spectroscope found in the previous experiment. The calibration can be performed with the grating in place on the table. Measuring CAUTION: The diffraction grating is a photographic reproduction and should NOT be touched. The deeper recess in the holder is intended to protect it from damage. Therefore, the glass is on the shallow side of the holder and the grating is on the deep side. Place the grating on the center of the table with its scratches running vertically, and with the base material (glass) facing the light source. In this way, one can study diffraction without the complication of refraction (recall from the previous lab how light behaves when traveling through glass at other than normal incidence). Fix the grating in place using masking tape. Rotate the table to make the grating perpendicular to the incident beam by eye. This is not critical since the average of R and L accommodates a minor misalignment. Affirm maximum brightness for the straight through beam by adjusting the source-slit alignment. At this step, the slit should be narrow, perhaps a few times wider than the hairline. Search for the spectrum by moving the telescope to one side or the other. This spectrum should look much like that observed with the prism except that the order of the colors as you move away from zero degrees is reversed. Search for the second- and third-order spectra. Do not measure the higher-order angles, but record the order of colors away from zero degrees. For each of the seven colors in the mercury spectrum, measure the angles R and L to the nearest tenth of a degree by placing the hairline on the stationary side of the slit. Analysis Average the right and left angles for each color. Use the grating equation with d=(1/6000) cm to find the wavelength for each color. Remember that 108 angstrom = 1 cm. Calculate the percent deviation for each wavelength using % deviation = (data-theory)/theory x 100% where "theory" is the tabulated wavelength from the last experiment. Do not ignore the sign; it contains information. A positive % deviation means that the value is above the theory; a negative % deviation means that the value is below the theory. Do you notice any systematic problems in your seven % deviations? Use the grating equation with the tabulated values of from last time and your measured values of to calculate seven different values of N, the grating constant (N=1/d). Average the seven values of N. For the error on N, use the standard deviation on the mean (SDOM). Compare your answer to the accepted value of 6000 lines/cm. Does your value of N agree with the manufacturer's value within the error range? See Taylor page 5 if you are confused. What could be causing any discrepancy? Why is it necessary that the base side of the grating face toward the light source? Draw a ray diagram for the two cases: a) base toward the source (correct) and b) grating toward the source (incorrect). A certain color emerges at 15o in the first-order spectrum. At what angle would this same color emerge in the second order if the same source and grating are used? Don't forget your two random and two systematic error sources. Back to the Electricity and Magnetism Manual

Diffraction gratingformula

The concept of light trasmission has existed since the early 1840’s when French inventors Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet demonstrated the guiding of light over distance by refraction.

Diffraction gratingpattern

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Also, the triangle formed by rays to the left of 0o is identical to the triangle formed by rays to the right of 0o but the angles R and L (Right and Left) would be the same only if the grating is perpendicular to the incident beam. This perpendicularity is inconvenient to achieve so, in practice, R and L are both measured and their average is used as in the grating equation. PROCEDURE Calibrating the Spectrometer Read and follow the procedures for calibrating the spectroscope found in the previous experiment. The calibration can be performed with the grating in place on the table. Measuring CAUTION: The diffraction grating is a photographic reproduction and should NOT be touched. The deeper recess in the holder is intended to protect it from damage. Therefore, the glass is on the shallow side of the holder and the grating is on the deep side. Place the grating on the center of the table with its scratches running vertically, and with the base material (glass) facing the light source. In this way, one can study diffraction without the complication of refraction (recall from the previous lab how light behaves when traveling through glass at other than normal incidence). Fix the grating in place using masking tape. Rotate the table to make the grating perpendicular to the incident beam by eye. This is not critical since the average of R and L accommodates a minor misalignment. Affirm maximum brightness for the straight through beam by adjusting the source-slit alignment. At this step, the slit should be narrow, perhaps a few times wider than the hairline. Search for the spectrum by moving the telescope to one side or the other. This spectrum should look much like that observed with the prism except that the order of the colors as you move away from zero degrees is reversed. Search for the second- and third-order spectra. Do not measure the higher-order angles, but record the order of colors away from zero degrees. For each of the seven colors in the mercury spectrum, measure the angles R and L to the nearest tenth of a degree by placing the hairline on the stationary side of the slit. Analysis Average the right and left angles for each color. Use the grating equation with d=(1/6000) cm to find the wavelength for each color. Remember that 108 angstrom = 1 cm. Calculate the percent deviation for each wavelength using % deviation = (data-theory)/theory x 100% where "theory" is the tabulated wavelength from the last experiment. Do not ignore the sign; it contains information. A positive % deviation means that the value is above the theory; a negative % deviation means that the value is below the theory. Do you notice any systematic problems in your seven % deviations? Use the grating equation with the tabulated values of from last time and your measured values of to calculate seven different values of N, the grating constant (N=1/d). Average the seven values of N. For the error on N, use the standard deviation on the mean (SDOM). Compare your answer to the accepted value of 6000 lines/cm. Does your value of N agree with the manufacturer's value within the error range? See Taylor page 5 if you are confused. What could be causing any discrepancy? Why is it necessary that the base side of the grating face toward the light source? Draw a ray diagram for the two cases: a) base toward the source (correct) and b) grating toward the source (incorrect). A certain color emerges at 15o in the first-order spectrum. At what angle would this same color emerge in the second order if the same source and grating are used? Don't forget your two random and two systematic error sources. Back to the Electricity and Magnetism Manual

What is gratingconstant

By the early 1990’s as the Internet was becoming popularized in the public realm, fiber optics cables started to be laid around the world with a major push to wire the world in order to provide infrastructure to counter the perceived problems of the Y2K issue.

Approximately ten years later in the mid 1850’s Irish inventor John Tyndall performed a similar demonstration using water fountains. These early experiments led to the development of television when Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving images at the London Institute in 1925.

What is gratingin Physics

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Diffraction gratingexperiment

What is gratingelement

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If the attenuation could be lowered sufficiently, they theorized fiber optics could be used as a practical means of communication.

What is diffraction gratingclass 12

Today, fiber is present in virtually every nation on the Earth, forming the absolute backbone of the modern communications infrastructure.

In 1952, UK based physicist Narinder Singh Kapany invented the first actual fiber optical cable based on John Tyndall’s experiments three decades earlier. Thirteen years later in 1965 two British research scientists, Charles Kao and George Hockman working with Standard Telephones and Cables discovered that attenuation of fiber optics was caused by impurities in manufacturing.

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The attenuation barrier was broken in 1970 by four research scientists working for Corning Glass Works (now Corning Inc.), Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter Schultz, and Frank Zimar.

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Within two decades, innovative research pushed the attenuation rate low enough for fiber optics to become the dominant carrier of electronic information.