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Spherical aberrationcorrection
Although this study is a well-designed clinical trial with interesting results, the readers should keep in mind that the best way to compare two groups with analysis of variance (ANOVA) is using post hoc tests such as Bonferroni adjustment of type one error. This is one of the reasons for discrepancies in the results among different studies. Another explanation could be different measurement protocols.
Spherical aberrationcause
The objective lens is the primary magnifying element in optical instruments. Positioned closer to the object being observed, it captures and magnifies the incoming light, bringing the specimen into focus. The objective lens is characterized by its varying magnification levels and includes the numerical aperture of the objective.
There are several studies comparing different types of spherical and aspheric IOLs under various conditions and with varying protocols. The readers should be careful about applying the results and accepting them as general rules.
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Spherical aberrationimage
Conversely, the ocular lens, also known as the eyepiece, is situated near the observer's eye. Its primary function is to further magnify the image produced by the objective lens. Ocular lenses are often interchangeable, allowing users to customize their viewing experience based on desired magnification. The most common magnification for a microscope ocular lens is 10x. Additional magnifications of microscope ocular lenses include 12.5x, 15x, and 20x.
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In this issue of JOVR, a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted by Jafarinasab et al16 compares spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity among 3 different types of aspheric IOLs (Tecnis, Akreos AO, and Acrysof IQ) and one spherical IOL (Sensar). Significantly higher spherical aberration was reported with the spherical IOL and the zero-aberration aspheric IOL as compered to the negative aberration aspheric IOLs, however this advantage was pupil-size dependent. With increased pupil size from 4 to 6 mm, an increase in spherical aberration was observed for all four types of IOLs, however significantly more with the spherical IOL. Contrast sensitivity function under mesopic conditions and at low spatial frequencies (1.5 to 3 cpd) was significantly higher in the Tecnis group as compared to the others. At higher spatial frequencies (12 to 18 cpd), Acrysof IQ worked significantly better. The authors concluded that the performance of aspheric IOLs is pupil dependent and that their function deteriorates to some extent under mesopic conditions, as there was no significant difference between spherical and aspheric IOLs in mesopic contrast sensitivity at 6 cpd.
Advancements in cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) design have optimized the postoperative optical performance of the pseudophakic eye. One of the recent spotlights of IOL design has been formulating optical properties similar to a clear, young lens and addressing spherical aberration.
Spherical aberrationin a lens
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Spherical aberrationphotography
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Spherical aberrationexample
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To achieve optimal magnification and clarity, the objective lens and ocular lens must work in harmony. The process begins with the objective lens capturing light from the specimen, forming an intermediate image. This image is then further magnified by the ocular lens, delivering a detailed and enlarged view to the observer.
Spherical aberrationand chromaticaberration
Understanding the numerical aperture of the objective lens is crucial, as it determines factors such as resolution and depth of field. The ocular lens complements this by providing additional magnification, allowing for intricate examination and analysis.
That's where the magnifying glass comes in. A magnifier with a 2X power, for example, enlarges an object and lets us see it as though it were two times closer ...
Spherical aberrationin mirrors
Conventional spherical IOLs increase the positive spherical aberration in the eye following cataract extraction.13,14 In 2002, an aspheric IOL design was introduced to compensate for the positive spherical aberration of the cornea.15 Aspheric IOLs have been designed with an anterior prolate suface (Tecnis, Advanced Medical Optics), a posterior prolate surface (Acrysof IQ, Alcon Laboratories), or with both anterior and posterior prolate surfaces (Akreos AO, SofPort AO and L161 AO, Bausch & Lomb) and compensate for corneal spherical aberration to varying degrees.
When it comes to optical instruments like microscopes and telescopes, the objective lens and ocular lens play distinct roles in shaping our viewing experience. Understanding the differences between these crucial components is fundamental to unlocking the full potential of these devices.
Spherical aberration in the human eye is a combination of the positive spherical aberration of the cornea,1–3 and the negative spherical aberration of the crystalline lens.4,5 In young eyes, the positive spherical aberration of the cornea is compensated by the negative spherical aberration of the lens; as a result, overall spherical aberration in the young eye is low.2,3,6 As the eye ages, the optical properties of the crystalline lens change,4,7 resulting in overall positive spherical aberration2,8,9 and decreased optical performance. Spherical aberrations generally reduce the contrast of the retinal image10,11 and affect visual performance, especially under mesopic conditions.12
The objective lens and ocular lens are indispensable components in optical instruments, each contributing uniquely to the observation process. Recognizing their differences and understanding how they collaborate enhances our ability to explore the microscopic world with precision and clarity.
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