Rare earthmetals are also known as

The Corsi–Rosenthal Box is a design for a do-it-yourself air purifier that can be built comparatively inexpensively. It consists of four[1] or five[2][3] HVAC particulate air filters that form a cube and a box fan to draw air through the filters. The seams of the cube are sealed with duct tape. A 2022 study found the clean air delivery rate on the five-filter design was between 600–850 cubic feet (17–24 m3) per minute (depending on fan speed), costing roughly a tenth of commercial air filters. Engineers Richard Corsi and Jim Rosenthal created the five-filter design during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the goal of reducing the risk of infection by reducing the levels of airborne viral particles in indoor settings.

Corsi–Rosenthal Boxes have also seen use in the 2023 wildfire season in North America, especially as smoke pollution caused hazardous air quality conditions across heavily populated areas in the Eastern United States.[33][34][35]

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Airborne virus particulates range in size from 1 to 50 microns (μm). Rosenthal used his HVAC company's testing equipment to run an informal test of the design, in which he found that around 60% of 1 μm particles were removed by the system, and almost 90% of 10 μm particles were removed.[11] The clean air delivery rate (CADR) of a four-filter, US$75 design were estimated at between 165–239 cubic feet (4.7–6.8 m3) per minute (depending on fan speed) in an August 2021 case study by UC Davis researchers.[22] In April 2022, a team based at UC Davis published a study of a Corsi–Rosenthal Box that used five two-inch MERV-13 filters. They found that this design's "effective clean air delivery rate [CADR] increase[d] with fan speed, from about 600 to 850 ft3 min−1 (1019 to 1444 m3 h−1)".[3] Based on the cost of their design, this output amounted to $0.08 per CADR, or roughly ten times cheaper than commercial air purifiers, with quieter operation.[3]

Where arerare earthmetals found

The short-term answer is unknown. Although plans to expand mining outside of China exist, the United States Government Accountability Office estimates it can take anywhere from 7 - 15 years to bring a rare earth mine to full operational status, primarily due to difficulties in licensing and regulations. It is expected to take up to 15 years for the United States to reestablish its rare earth supply chain. Meanwhile, substantial rare earth deposits have also been found elsewhere, including Canada, Australia, Russia, and in the Pacific Ocean, but have yet to make an impact on the rare earth market.

Air purification units (room or multi-room) with HEPA filtration range widely in price from under $50 to considerably more than US$500.[12][13][14][11][15] In August 2020, Richard Corsi, an environmental engineer and the incoming Dean of Engineering at the University of California, Davis,[16] spoke with Wired reporter Adam Rogers about an idea he had for combining multiple store-bought filters with a box fan to improve the efficiency of home-made air filter designs.[11] Rogers contacted Jim Rosenthal, the CEO of filter manufacturer Tex-Air Filters, who had collaborated with Corsi at the University of Texas and in the Texas chapter of the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, to run some tests on a single air filter attached to a box fan.[2] Inspired by Corsi's idea to use multiple filters, Rosenthal later came up with a five-filter design. Rosenthal named it after Corsi,[2] although after a New York Times article mentioned the boxes by that name,[15] Corsi tweeted that Rosenthal really deserved the credit,[17] and that he preferred the name Corsi–Rosenthal Box.[18][19] HVAC experts Neil Comparetto and John Semmelhack modified the design in October 2020 to use 4 filters and a cardboard bottom, in a design called the Comparetto Cube.[20][21]

As with the monopolization of any market, having a single dominant producer introduces uncertainty regarding the stability of supply and, in turn, price. As the Chinese economy and technological industries increase in growth, China is expected to decrease rare earth exports in order to meet its own rare earth demand. As the global demand begins to outpace global supply, the prices of rare earth materials, which are already increasing due to fears of shortage, will continue to increase, and the need for alternative rare earth sources will continue to grow.

Researchers have expanded studies of these citizen science filtration units to evaluate their efficacy for reducing the levels of airborne volatile chemicals (VOCs); Dodson and colleagues showed the units reduced PFAS and phthalates.[25]

The PLS 6 is a self-leveling combination point and cross line laser level that includes vertical and horizontal modes with lines and points.

Rosenthal later improved the design by adding a shroud on the fan: this cardboard cutout covers the corners of the box fan to improve the system’s efficiency by reducing backflow.[22][23]

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The Corsi–Rosenthal Box design consists of four[1] or five HVAC filters of effectiveness MERV13 or higher, which form the side walls of a box.[2][3] Four-filter design variants use 20-inch wide filters, secured with duct tape and a piece of cardboard forming the bottom of the box.[22][1] In Rosenthal's design from 2020, two 16×20×2-inch filters and three 20×20×2-inch filters form five sides of the cube.[2] For both, a 20-inch (500 mm) box fan makes the last side of the cube and is duct taped to the filters, sealing the system so that air is drawn through the filters and out of the box.[19][14]

A 2021 study by Underwriters Laboratories found that attaching filters to a box fan in a do-it-yourself configuration did not present a fire hazard from increased heating of the fan motor windings.[26]

How manyrare earthelements are there

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Due to global supply restrictions, the price of rare earth material, found in many optical components, is increasing. As a result, industry-wide price increases are expected for end-user products that include glass made with rare earth material. Edmund Optics is committed to working closely with our supply chain partners and manufacturing facilities in order to continue to offer high quality products at competitive prices.

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Termed rare due to scarcity in distribution, rare earths refer to 17 metals: the 15 lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium. Rare earths are used in many industries including optics, defense, automotive, and medical, along with a vast quantity of consumer products from power tools to smart phones. Due to advancements in electronics and other technologies, consumption of rare earths has drastically increased since efficient separation methods were first introduced in the 1950s and 1960s. Currently, world demand for rare earths is around 134,000 tons annually, with an expected growth to 180,000 tons annually by 2012.

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The units can be assembled in around 15 minutes, last for months, and cost between US$50 and $150 in materials.[19][14][11]

Rajshree Electro System - Offering Black Magnifying Glass Adjustable Headband Magnifier with Lighting, Packaging Size: Box at Rs 745 in Panvel, Maharashtra.

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Rare earth materialslist

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Lithium fluoride (LiF), a greatly acknowledged highly sensitive TL material is widely used as commercial radiation dosimetric material. It is having effective ...

Corsi–Rosenthal Boxes have been used in schools to reduce risk of COVID-19 transmission,[27][28][29] sometimes also functioning as a STEM lesson with students learning about the science of air filtration and constructing the boxes themselves.[30] At the university level, engineering students are also running tests on the units.[31]

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Within the optics industry, rare earths are quickly growing in importance. Lanthanum is used in many high index glasses; high index glass, when combined with other glass materials, improves dispersion and is utilized in many achromats and imaging lenses to increase efficiency and improve image quality. Cerium can be found in some of the polishing compounds used in the manufacturing process of optical glass. Many other optical components and electro-optical devices are also affected, such as night-vision goggles and imaging sensors which rely on rare earths including lanthanum, gadolinium, and yttrium.

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COVID-19 is primarily transmitted through the air[4][5][6] and superspreading events are generally associated with indoor gatherings where the virus is allowed to accumulate in the air.[7][8] In response, and on recommendations of infectious disease researchers,[9][10] engineers began to consider how improved ventilation may reduce risk of infection by reducing the amount of virus in indoor air.[11]

A study of a home-built air purifier to remove wildfire smoke, using a box fan and filter mounted in a window, showed that particulate matter between 1 and 10 μm in size was reduced by about 75%. Wired wrote that this study suggests such filters may effectively filter similarly sized virus particles.[11][24]

China currently produces 97 percent of the global supply of rare earths. The Chinese dominance of the rare earth market is fairly recent and up until the mid 1980s, the United States had been the primary producer of rare earths – one time producing over 60 percent of the global supply. Now, many countries are almost entirely dependent on Chinese exports.

Like other leading optics companies, Edmund Optics is directly affected by changes in the rare earth market. We utilize rare earths within certain manufacturing processes, with specific coatings, and with specific high index glasses. Due to the uncertainty surrounding rare earth availability, we are expecting the costs of rare earth materials to increase. In addition, there may be additional costs associated with tariffs, especially between the US and China. If your design includes rare earth components, you may experience a price increase. However, Edmund Optics will continue to take the steps needed to limit the impact on product pricing.