Your pouching system is designed to prevent urine leaks, protect your skin from urine, keep the skin around your stoma healthy, and avoid odor. Steps to care for your pouch include

Polarization is an important design consideration. The polarization of each antenna in a system should be properly aligned. Maximum signal strength between stations occurs when both stations are using identical polarization

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Bladder catheterization involves inserting a thin, flexible tube—called a catheter—into the bladder to drain urine. The urine drains into a collection bag outside the body. The two types of urinary catheters include

On line-of-sight (LOS) paths, it is most important that the polarization of the antennas at both ends of the path use the same polarization. In a linearly polarized system, a misalignment of polarization of 45 degrees will degrade the signal up to 3 dB and if misaligned 90 degrees the attenuation can be 20 dB or more. Likewise, in a circular polarized system, both antennas must have the same sense. If not, an additional loss of 20 dB or more will be incurred.

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The NIDDK conducts and supports clinical trials in many diseases and conditions, including urologic diseases. The trials look to find new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease and improve quality of life.

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Most people return to a normal diet after a urinary diversion. You may want to avoid certain foods that can cause urine to have a strong smell, such as asparagus and seafood, which may be noticeable when you empty the pouch. People with certain types of urinary diversion may not have enough vitamin B12 in their bodies and may need vitamin B injections. Talk with your health care professional about your dietary needs.

An antenna is said to be vertically polarized (linear) when its electric field is perpendicular to the Earth’s surface. An example of a vertical antenna is a broadcast tower for AM radio or the “whip” antenna on an automobile.

Linear polarizationexample

Drink eight 8-ounce glasses of liquids each day—or more if recommended by your health care professional—to help prevent infection. Talk with your health care professional about urine testing and when to treat an infection.

When setting up your own exclusive communications link, it may be wise to first test the link with vertical and then horizontal polarization to see which yields the best performance (if any). If there are any reflections in the area, especially from structures or towers, one polarization may outperform the other. Furthermore, if there are other RF signals in an area, using a polarization opposite the predominant high-level signals will give some isolation as discussed earlier.

Some of this fading phenomenon can be decreased using diversity reception. This type of system usually employs dual antennas and receivers with “voting” system to choose the busiest signal. However, for best results, the antennas should be at least 20 wavelengths apart so that the signals are no longer correlated. This would be 20-25 feet at 880 MHz, quite a structural problem.

A urostomy is a stoma, or opening, in your abdomen that connects to your urinary tract to allow urine to drain freely from your body. Urine is collected and stored in a small bag, called a urostomy pouch, which you can empty at your convenience. The pouch is attached to the skin around your stoma and worn outside your body.

Urinary catheters may remain in place for several days or weeks while tissues heal after urinary tract surgery or treatment of urinary blockage and, in some cases, may be permanent. Catheters that are in place for longer periods of time need to be replaced with a new catheter periodically.

Similar to a cystostomy, during a nephrostomy a surgeon or radiologist makes a tiny incision and inserts a small tube, called a nephrostomy tube, through the skin of your back into your kidney. The nephrostomy tube allows urine to drain from your kidney into a bag outside your body.

Circular vs linearpolarizer for mirrorless camera

Most people can return to their usual activities and exercises, including swimming and other water sports, once they have healed from urinary diversion surgery and regained their strength. You should avoid certain vigorous activities and heavy lifting after your surgery while your body heals.

At night, you can attach a piece of flexible tubing to the drain valve on your pouch to allow urine to flow into a night drainage unit while you sleep.

You can view a filtered list of clinical studies on urinary diversion that are open and recruiting at www.ClinicalTrials.gov. You can expand or narrow the list to include clinical studies from industry, universities, and individuals; however, the NIH does not review these studies and cannot ensure they are safe. Always talk with your health care professional before you participate in a clinical study.

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Bladder substitute, or neobladder. Talk with your health care professional about how to care for your bladder substitute. It is important that you take steps to make sure the bladder substitute does not get overstretched, including

Talk with your health care professional if your job is strenuous or requires heavy lifting, or if you play contact sports. Your health care professional may suggest that you adjust your job responsibilities, wear protective padding, or avoid certain activities that could harm your stoma.

A circular polarized wave radiates energy in both the horizontal and vertical planes and all planes in between. The difference, if any, between the maximum and the minimum peaks as the antenna is rotated through all angles, is called the axial ratio or ellipticity and is usually specified in decibels (dB). If the axial ratio is near 0 dB, the antenna is said to be circular polarized. If the axial ratio is greater than 1-2 dB, the polarization is often referred to as elliptical.

Continent urinary diversion collects and stores urine inside the body until you drain the urine using a catheter or you urinate through the urethra. The urine flows through the ureters and is stored in an internal pouch created from part of your bowel or in your bladder. Continent urinary diversion allows you to control when urine leaves your body.

You may need a ureteral stent if one of your ureters is blocked as a result of surgery, a kidney stone, a tumor, or infection. A ureteral stent is usually temporary but, in some cases, can be used to permanently manage a blockage of the ureter. Ureteral stents that are in place for longer periods of time need to be replaced periodically.

Mucus may build up in the bladder substitute, which can lead to infection. You may need to use a catheter to irrigate, or flush out, the mucus periodically.

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Living with a urinary diversion requires some adjustment, and some people may feel discouraged or depressed after surgery. You may find it helpful to talk with a friend, family member, therapist, or support group about how you are feeling.

Always wash your hands with soap and water before and after caring for your urinary diversion to avoid introducing bacteria or other foreign substances that could lead to infection.

Bacteria can enter urostomies and continent urinary diversions and may cause a urinary tract infection. Symptoms of infection include

This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.

An antenna is a transducer that converts radio frequency electric current to electromagnetic waves that are then radiated into space. The electric field or “E” plane determines the polarization or orientation of the radio wave. In general, most antennas radiate either linear or circular polarization.

Nowadays we are inundated with mobile radios and cellular telephones. The polarization on handheld units is often random depending on how they are held by the user. This has led to new studies which have found that polarization diversity can be an advantage. The most important breakthrough in this area is that the antennas at the base station do not have to be separated physically as described above. They can be collocated if they are orthogonal and well isolated from each other. Only time will tell if these systems are truly cost effective.

Also, note that linearly polarized antennas will work with circularly polarized antennas and vice versa. However, there will be up to a 3-dB loss in signal strength. In weak signal situations, this loss of signal may impair communications.

A cystostomy is a surgical procedure where a doctor inserts a small tube into your bladder through the skin of the lower abdomen. The tube allows urine to drain from your bladder into a bag outside your body.

When choosing an antenna, it is an important consideration as to whether the polarization is linear or elliptical. If the polarization is linear, is it vertical or horizontal? If circular, is it RHC or LHC?

A nurse will teach you how to manage and care for your urinary diversion. Talk with your health care professional about any questions or concerns you have caring for or living with your stoma, urostomy pouch, continent cutaneous reservoir, or bladder substitute.

Urinary diversion is a surgical procedure that creates a new way for urine to exit your body when urine flow is blocked or when there is a need to bypass a diseased area in the urinary tract.

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Circularly polarized antennas are normally more costly than linear polarized types since true circular polarization is difficult to attain. An example of a true circularly polarized antenna is the helix.

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Horizontal polarization is used to broadcast television in the USA. Some say that horizontal polarization was originally chosen because there was an advantage to not have TV reception interfered with by vertically polarized stations such as mobile radio. Also, manmade radio noise is predominantly vertically polarized and the use of horizontal polarization would provide some discrimination against interference from noise.

Horizontally polarized (linear) antennas have their electric field parallel to the Earth’s surface. Television transmissions in the USA use horizontal polarization.

You may leak urine, particularly in the first 6 to 12 months after bladder substitute surgery. You can use disposable pads or briefs to absorb leaking urine. Urine leakage is especially common at night and, in some cases, continues beyond the first year after surgery.

Clinical trials—and other types of clinical studies—are part of medical research and involve people like you. When you volunteer to take part in a clinical study, you help health care professionals and researchers learn more about disease and improve health care for people in the future.

The type of urinary diversion procedure you have depends on different factors, including your age, prior medical history, previous surgeries, how well you can move around, if you’ve had radiation therapy or cancer, your ability to use a catheter, and your preference.

You may worry about how other people view your urinary diversion. Most people won’t know you’re wearing a pouch or have a urinary diversion unless you tell them. You can choose who to talk to and how much information to share.

A linear polarized antenna radiates wholly in one plane containing the direction of propagation. In a circular polarized antenna, the plane of polarization rotates in a circle making one complete revolution during one period of the wave. If the rotation is clockwise looking in the direction of propagation, the sense is called right-hand-circular (RHC). If the rotation is counterclockwise, the sense is called left-hand-circular (LHC).

Linear vs circularpolarizer reddit

On another note, when radio waves strike a smooth reflective surface, they may incur a 180-degree phase shift, a phenomenon known as specular or mirror image reflection. The reflected signal may then destructively or constructively affect the direct LOS signal. Circular polarization has been used to an advantage in these situations since the reflected wave would have a different sense than the direct wave and block the fading from these reflections.

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Antenna polarization is a very important consideration when choosing and installing an antenna. Most communications systems use either vertical, horizontal or circular polarization. Knowing the difference between polarizations and how to maximize their benefit is very important to the antenna user.

Continent cutaneous reservoir. Talk with your health care professional about how to care for your continent cutaneous reservoir, including how often to drain and irrigate the internal pouch or bladder. In general, you will

Linear polarization

In the early days of FM radio in the 88-108 MHz spectrum, the radio stations broadcasted horizontal polarization. However, in the 1960’s, FM radios became popular in automobiles which used vertical polarized receiving whip antennas. As a result, the FCC modified Part 73 of the rules and regulations to allow FM stations to broadcast RHC or elliptical polarization to improve reception to vertical receiving antennas if the horizontal component was dominant.

Urostomy pouch. If you have an ileal conduit or cutaneous ureterostomy, you need to care for your urostomy pouch, also called a pouching system. You either have a two-piece pouching system with a barrier that sticks to the skin and a pouch that attaches to the barrier, or a one-piece system with a skin barrier and pouch combined as a single unit. The skin barrier, also called a wafer, fits over your stoma and is designed to protect your skin. You empty the urine by opening a valve on the pouch and drain the urine into a toilet.

If your antenna is to be located on an existing tower or building with other antennas in the vicinity, try to separate the antennas as far as possible from each other. In the UHF range, increasing separation even a few extra feet may significantly improve performance from problems such as desensitization.

You do not need special clothing with a urostomy pouch. Pouches are available in many different types to fit your body, so they aren’t noticeable under clothing. You may want to tuck your pouch inside your underwear or undergarments, wear snug underwear, or wear a belt that attaches to the pouch for extra support and security.

Talk with your health care professionals about the best way to care for your pouching system. They may suggest ostomy products such as ostomy powder or skin sealant to avoid skin irritation or to help the pouching system stick to your skin better.

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The urinary tract is your body’s drainage system for removing urine, which is made of wastes and extra fluid. Your urinary tract is designed to have the urine flow from the kidneys, through the ureters, to the bladder, and out the urethra. When the urine can’t flow normally, it may build up in your bladder, ureters, or kidneys. This buildup of urine may cause pain, urinary tract infections, urinary stones or calculi, damage to your urinary tract, or kidney failure. If left untreated, a buildup of urine in the urinary tract can be life-threatening.

Most base station antenna providers will supply either vertical or horizontal polarized antennas. They are the most economical types. Furthermore, vertically polarized antennas seem to be the most popular for two-way communications, as stated above, while horizontal polarization is most predominant in broadcast communications such as TV and FM.

Linear vs circular polarizationcar

Circular polarization is most often use on satellite communications. This is particularly desired since the polarization of a linear polarized radio wave may be rotated as the signal passes through any anomalies (such as Faraday rotation) in the ionosphere. Furthermore, due to the position of the Earth with respect to the satellite, geometric differences may vary especially if the satellite appears to move with respect to the fixed Earth-bound station. Circular polarization will keep the signal constant regardless of these anomalies.

Even if the polarizations are matched, other factors may affect the strength of the signal. The most common are long and short-term fading. Long term fading results from changes in the weather (such as barometric pressure or precipitation) or when a mobile station moves behind hills or buildings. Short term fading is often referred to as “multipath” fading since it results from reflected signals interfering with the LOS signal.

As stated earlier, for best performance, it is desirable to use an antenna with the same polarization on both ends of a communications path. If a system is already in place, all that is required is to find out what polarization is presently being used and match it.

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Urinary diversion surgery may reduce sexual function; however, many people with a urinary diversion have satisfying sexual relationships. Your health care professional may suggest certain treatments, medicines, or therapy to help improve your sexual function. Talk with your health care professional about when it is safe for you to resume sexual activity, any pain you are having with sex, ways to protect the stoma, questions about intimacy, and any concerns you have about maintaining a healthy sexual relationship. It is also important to communicate openly with your partner about intimacy concerns.

Linear vs circular polarizationreddit

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You may need a nephrostomy when being treated for a kidney stone or when your ureters are narrowed, blocked, or inflamed. Depending on the reason for the nephrostomy and how quickly your body heals, the nephrostomy tube may be used for different lengths of time.

However, the most common circularly polarized antenna uses crossed Yagi’s for “near circular” or elliptical polarization. Elliptical polarization can be generated by placing two identical linear polarized Yagi’s at right angles (90-degree phase differential) to each other and then feeding them with equal power and a phasing network. A well-made antenna of this type will have a typical axial ratio of +/-1 to 3 dB. In special applications, crossed Yagi antennas can be configured to accept either RHC or LHC by a selection relay.

Cross polarization is another consideration. It happens when unwanted radiation is present from a polarization which is different from the polarization in which the antenna was intended to radiate. For example, a vertical antenna may radiate some horizontal polarization and vice versa. However, this is seldom a problem unless there is noise or strong signals nearby.

A ureteral stent is a thin flexible tube that is inserted into the ureter to help urine flow from the kidney to the bladder. The ureteral stent is guided with a cystoscope into your ureter, then one end of the stent is placed in the kidney and the other end is placed in the bladder.

The most common reason you might need a urinary diversion is bladder cancer that requires the bladder to be removed—a procedure called a cystectomy.

Vertical polarization is most often used when it is desired to radiate a radio signal in all directions such as widely distributed mobile units. Vertical polarization also works well in the suburbs or out in the country, especially where hills are present. As a result, nowadays most two-way Earth to Earth communications in the frequency range above 30 MHz use vertical polarization.

Urinary diversion may be temporary—the flow of urine is rerouted for several days, weeks, or sometimes months until the urine can flow normally again—or permanent—surgery is done to create a permanent change to the way urine flows through the body.