Aspheric Optics: An Overview - aspherical optics

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Objective lensmagnification

The equations we used for mirrors all work for lenses. · A convex lens acts a lot like a concave mirror. Both converge parallel rays to a focal point, have ...

Photography or image pickup with a video camera has been common in microscopy and thus a clear, sharp image over the entire field of view is increasingly required. Consequently, Plan objective lenses corrected satisfactorily for field curvature aberration are being used as the mainstream. To correct for field curvature aberration, optical design is performed so that Petzval sum becomes 0. However, this aberration correction is more difficult especially for higher-magnification objectives. (This correction is difficult to be compatible with other aberration corrections) An objective lens in which such correction is made features in general powerful concave optical components in the front-end lens group and powerful concave ones in the back-end group.

Axial chromatic aberration correction is divided into three levels of achromat, semiapochromat (fluorite), and apochromat according to the degree of correction. The objective lineup is divided into the popular class to high class with a gradual difference in price. An objective lens for which axial chromatic aberration correction for two colors of C ray (red: 656,3nm) and F ray (blue: 486.1nm) has been made is known as Achromat or achromatic objective. In the case of Achromat, a ray except for the above two colors (generally violet g-ray: 435.8nm) comes into focus on a plane away from the focal plane. This g ray is called a secondary spectrum. An objective lens for which chromatic aberration up to this secondary spectrum has satisfactorily been corrected is known as Apochromat or apochromatic objective. In other words, Apochromat is an objective for which the axial chromatic aberration of three colors (C, F, and g rays) has been corrected. The following figure shows the difference in chromatic aberration correction between Achromat and Apochromat by using the wavefront aberration. This figure proves that Apochromat is corrected for chromatic aberration in wider wavelength range than Achromat is.

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The prion protein (PrP) is a cell surface glycoprotein, which can exist in two alternatively folded conformations: a cellular isoform denoted (PrPC) and a disease associated isoform termed PrPSc.

Objective lensfunction

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The purposes of optical microscopes are broadly classified into two; "biological-use" and "industrial-use". Using this classification method, objective lenses are classified into "biological-use" objectives and "industrial-use" objectives. A common specimen in a biological use is fixed in place on the slide glass, sealing it with the cover glass from top. Since a biological-use objective lens is used for observation through this cover glass, optical design is performed in consideration of the cover glass thickness (commonly 0.17mm). Meanwhile, in an industrial use a specimen such as a metallography specimen, semiconductor wafer, and an electronic component is usually observed with nothing covered on it. An industrial-use objective lens is optically designed so as to be optimal for observation without any cover glass between the lens end and a specimen.

High powerobjective microscopefunction

An optical microscope is used with multiple objectives attached to a part called revolving nosepiece. Commonly, multiple combined objectives with a different magnification are attached to this revolving nosepiece so as to smoothly change magnification from low to high only by revolving the nosepiece. Consequently, a common combination lineup is comprised from among objectives of low magnification (5x, 10x), intermediate magnification (20x, 50x), and high magnification (100x). To obtain a high resolving power particularly at high magnification among these objectives, an immersion objective for observation with a dedicated liquid with a high refractive index such as immersion oil or water charged between the lens end and a specimen is available. Ultra low magnification (1.25x, 2.5x) and ultra high magnification (150x) objectives are also available for the special use.

Objective lenses are roughly classified basically according to the intended purpose, microscopy method, magnification, and performance (aberration correction). Classification according to the concept of aberration correction among those items is a characteristic way of classification of microscope objectives.

PrPC has an intrinsically disordered N-terminal region, and a predominantly α-helical C-terminal region from residues ~120-230, containing three α-helices and two short . A connects the middle of helices 2 and 3. The presence of the N-terminal region has little impact on the structure of the C-terminal domain [1]. The structure of PrPC is highly conserved amongst mammals, and only differs slightly in birds, reptiles and amphibians[2]. The vast majority of structures have been determined by NMR spectroscopy, but two structures have been reported by X-ray crystallography. In sheep PrP, the X-ray structure is similar to those determined by NMR spectroscopy, however in human PrP, the X-ray structure is a dimer in which helix 3 is swapped between monomers, and the disulphide bond is rearranged to be intermolecular between the dimer subunits.

Objective lens microscopefunction

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In sporadic prion disease, the spontaneous refolding or misfolding of PrPC into PrPSc initiates the cascade. In genetic prion diseases, point mutations in PrP make this structural transition more likely to occur than in the wild type protein. Infectious etiology is explained by introduction of exogenous PrPSc which then initiates refolding of endogenous PrPC.

Types ofobjectivelenses

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Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and circular dichroism (CD) studies first demonstrated that PrPSc had very different proportions of α-helices and β-sheet to PrPC[3]. There are a number of technical obstacles in determining the atomic resolution structure of PrPSc, and the most detailed information to date has been obtained by electron microscopy of 2D crystals[4]. Analysis of 2D crystals binding specific heavy metal ions, and of redacted constructs of PrP, provide a basis for structural modeling. A model the N-terminal region and part of the C-terminal domain, up to the disulphide bond, refolds into a β-helical structure[5]. Support for this β-helical model comes from the structure of the fungal prion Het-s (2rnm).

What are the3objectivelenseson a microscope

A variety of microscopy methods have been developed for optical microscopes according to intended purposes. The dedicated objective lenses to each microscopy method have been developed and are classified according to such a method. For example, "reflected darkfield objective (a circular-zone light path is applied to the periphery of an inner lens)", "Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) objective (the combination of optical properties with a DIC( Nomarski）prism is optimized by reducing lens distortions)", "fluorescence objective (the transmittance in the near-ultraviolet region is improved)", "polarization objective (lens distortions are drastically reduced)", and "phase difference objective (a phase plate is built in) are available.

Oct 17, 2024 — Monochromator, instrument that supplies light of one colour or light within a narrow range of wavelengths. Unwanted wavelengths (colours) ...

High powerobjective lens

The naturally ocuring prion diseases include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in people, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) commonly known as "mad cow" disease, scrapie in sheep and goats, and chronic wasting disease in deer. In all cases post mortem analysis of brain tissue is characterized by aggregates of PrPSc. The sporadic, genetic and infectious etiologies of prion diseases can be explained by a simple protein-based model in which PrPC is converted into PrPSc that in turn initiates an autocatalytic refolding cascade of PrPC in a template-dependent manner.

There are several (P102L, P105L, A117V, M129V, G131V, Y145Stop, R148H, Q160Stop, D178N, V180I, T183A, H187R, T188R, E196K, F198S, E200K, D202N, V203I, R208H, V210I, E211Q, Q212P, and Q217R). The pathogenic conversion process from PrPC to PrPSc could be related to the thermal stability of PrPC [6], since the mutations related to familial forms of the prion diseases are rather concentrated in helices 2 and 3, and the thermodynamical stability profile shows that diverse residues in helices 2 and 3 are less stable [7]. Moreover, the conversion might also be related with the global conformational fluctuation of PrPC, as a Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill relaxation–dispersion study revealed that slow fluctuation on a time scale of microseconds to milliseconds occurs, again, in helices 2 and 3[8],[9].

Meanwhile, an objective lens for which the degree of chromatic aberration correction to the secondary spectrum (g ray) is set to medium between Achromat and Apochromat is known as Semiapochromat (or Flulorite).

An objective lens is the most important optical unit that determines the basic performance/function of an optical microscope To provide an optical performance/function optimal for various needs and applications (i.e. the most important performance/function for an optical microscope), a wide variety of objective lenses are available according to the purpose.

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The phenomenon of prion strains (disease subtypes with specific clinical, biochemical and neuropathological features, replicating with high fidelity) was initially difficult to equate with the "protein only" hypothesis of prion diseases. However, there is now evidence from a range if studies suggesting that strains are enciphered in the structure of PrPSc. One potential mechanism for this is alternate threading of the β-helix.

What are the objective lens on a microscopeexplain

In the optical design of microscope objectives, commonly the larger is an N.A. and the higher is a magnification, the more difficult to correct the axial chromatic aberration of a secondary spectrum. In addition to axis chromatic aberration, various aberrations and sine condition must be sufficiently corrected and therefore the correction of the secondary spectrum is far more difficult to be implemented. As the result, a higher-magnification apochromatic objective requires more pieces of lenses for aberration correction. Some objectives consist of more than 15 pieces of lenses. To correct the secondary spectrum satisfactorily, it is effective to use "anomalous dispersion glass" with less chromatic dispersion up to the secondary spectrum for the powerful convex lens among constituting lenses. The typical material of this anomalous dispersion glass is fluorite (CaF2) and has been adopted for apochromatic objectives since a long time ago, irrespective of imperfection in workability. Recently, optical glass with a property very close to the anomalous dispersion of fluorite has been developed and is being used as the mainstream in place of fluorite.

Mar 24, 2010 — efg's Tech Note: USAF 1951 and Microcopy Resolution Test Charts. Page 1 of 9 http://www.efg2.com/Lab/ImageProcessing/TestTargets/#USAF1951.