Most studies point out the fact that the weakening of social cohesion is a factor of polarisation: when citizens feel they are not listened to or heard, not represented in the institutions and power groups and left behind by the economy, they tend to take refuge in closed-off opinion groups that exclude all those perceived as “others”.

Depth of field vs field of viewcamera

In this depth of focus formula, t is the depth of focus, N is the lens f-number, c is the circle of confusion, v is the image distance, and f is the focal length of the lens.

These groups are characterised by an “us and them” or black and white thinking, refusing any otherness (those who do not belong to my gender, ethnic group, political family, religion, etc.). On a fundamental level, social cohesion breaks down when trust disappears and is replaced by fear and anger.

The fifth webinar of the PRACTICIES project was a presentation of the “Digital Me” tool developed by the Brussels-based association MAKS (Media Actie Kuregem) to encourage young people…

Efus and the BRIDGE project experts wrote a positioning paper that explores this notion of polarisation. Here are some of the main insights.

A camera operator will most often use the depth of focus formula when they are inserting or removing gels or UV filters from their camera. Gels and filters are often placed between the lens and a camera’s image sensor, and so adding or subtracting them changes the distance between the plate and the lens. Most consumer cameras have built in filters, or filters that are placed on the outside of the lens, so these calculations usually only come into play for higher-end or older cameras.

Depth of focus, meanwhile, is rarely altered in service of a creative choice. If your image sensor is outside the acceptable range of focus, your whole image will be blurry, not just certain objects within it.

Many local governments throughout Europe lack a deep and detailed knowledge of the processes of polarisation in their territory. Research on polarisation and policy strategies to address it are fast developing, yet remain at an early stage. The resulting lack of clarity on definitions and concepts as well as the prevalence, dynamics, impacts and spatial and temporal distribution of such phenomena within a municipality’s or region’s territory is problematic because such information would ensure adequate allocation of resources as well as the development of effective prevention measures. Increasing knowledge and evidence on the topic of polarisation is thus of paramount importance.

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Depth of fieldmicroscope

The city of Liege has been working for several years on the issue of radicalisation, notably through Efus-led European projects. > What are the challenges and issues linked…

It is generally agreed that the polarisation of our societies into antagonistic and increasingly  “enemy” groups corrodes social cohesion and security, which provides a breeding ground for radicalisation. Identifying polarisation in order to reduce it therefore appears an appropriate preventive approach in order to counter early radical trends before they become full-fledged and turn into violence.

May 3, 2024 — Aspheric means non-spherical, so there is less of a bulge or curve. Conventional lenses have a spherical curvature on the front of the lens ( ...

The impact of social media in today’s polarisation processes has been fundamental. In recent years, we have witnessed the role that social networks have played in the polarisation process of modern societies and in the development of far-reaching and consequential events. Furthermore, it has been shown that algorithms developed by technological platforms to personalise the information we receive via navigation data generated by each user have become instruments to control the flow of information and exert an increasing influence on public opinion and on the distribution of information. Although apparently innocuous, the implementation of personalised search algorithms and content selection brings the risk of removing information contrary to a user’s points of view, causing a de facto isolation in our own ideological bubble, known as the echo chamber phenomenon or bubble filter. This isolation polarises us more as a society and drastically reduces the opposition to and confrontation of our ideas.

Shallowdepth of field

The image sensor in your camera is a plate that takes in light waves and translates them into the image you’re capturing. The image sensor is located behind a camera’s lens, the optical device which focuses the light from the scene onto the sensor. It’s the distance between these two camera components with which depth of focus is concerned.

Understanding this bit of terminology requires understanding some of the nitty-gritty technical aspects of your camera. It may seem like a complicated idea, but it’s key to making sure that your image is in focus.

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Since January 2019, Efus has been leading one of the first European projects on this issue: BRIDGE (Building resilience to reduce polarisation and growing extremism) seeks to raise awareness among local actors and provide them with tools to reduce individual and collective vulnerability to radicalisation on the local level, by mitigating polarisation.

Defining a complex term with as many nuances as polarisation is not easy, especially considering that one of the most extensive causes of polarisation is the oversimplification of reality, leading to a confrontation based on a lack of mutual understanding and de-humanisation of the other. In addition, polarisation might be seen as a regular state of democratic societies. After all, the notion of democracy presupposes a society characterised by differences and conflicting interests. Yet, the term polarisation, as it is understood in recent academic and political debates, does not refer to political, social, cultural and religious diversity and pluralism as such, but to a growing fragmentation of society into antagonistic collectives perceived as opponents in existential questions over the future of society. While democracy is built on shared values and principles and, in ideal cases, social bonds, polarisation relates to a social and political fragmentation of society that puts these certitudes and bonds into question. Preventing polarisation does not aim for homogenisation or the levelling of differences; instead, it aims to foster social cohesion and an inclusive “us” reflected in inter-group trust, reciprocity, solidarity, and connectedness.

Guilherme Pinto, President of Efus, reacts to the terrorist attacks that took place in France during the week of 7th January. It is with shock and dismay that…

Depth of fieldphotography

The key difference between depth of focus and depth of field is that the former refers to the range of focus behind the camera lens. Depth of field refers to the range of focus in front of the camera lens. Here's a diagram to help put these concepts into perspective.

Depth of fieldphotography examples

So far, it might seem like depth of focus is pretty much the same as depth of field. What is the difference between depth of field and depth of focus? Isn’t depth of field also about the range of acceptable focus in an image?

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Depth of fieldexamples

It is important to distinguish between polarisation and radicalisation. The Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) describes radicalisation as “the process where individuals or factions of these polarised groups grow further towards the acceptance and use of violent extremism and ultimately terrorism.” It concludes, consequently, that polarisation can potentially lead to radicalisation in certain occasions. Radicalisation and extremism have become the most common terms used to refer to the dynamics by which individuals, groups, and mass opinion are moved to support or participate in political violence. However, while the dynamics of violence can involve radical or extremist ideas and beliefs, the link between these and violent extremist behaviour is not linear, automatic, or one-way. Radicalisation of ideas and actions are not identical. 99% of those with radical ideas never act; not all who hold radical beliefs engage in illegal acts. But what is clear is that some political groups and parties exploit polarisation to radicalise the political debate and, for some, fuel violence.

The fourth “toolbox” webinar presented during the final conference of the PRACTICIES project was the serious game Newscraft developed by the University of Lille / Geriico research centre…

Paris, June 2019 – The term “polarisation” is mentioned ever more frequently in the political and intellectual debate on the main trends that shape our Western societies, particularly since the wave of terrorist attacks over the past few years.

Field of viewhuman eye

Depth of focus refers to the space between the lens and the image sensor where the image being filmed will appear in focus to the human eye. If an image sensor is too close or too far from the lens, it is outside of the depth of focus and the photograph or footage will look blurry.

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Depth of focus is a term that is often forgotten until it becomes a problem; cinematographers might drive themselves crazy cleaning filters and adjusting depth of field settings, not realizing that their image sensor is outside the range of focus. So while this concept might not be front of mind when you walk onto set, it’s a good piece of knowledge to keep in your back pocket.

Polarisation as used in some academic literature refers to “the widening of the gap between specific groups of people in terms of their economic or social circumstances and opportunities” (Woodward 1995). In a more recent adaptation of the term, the EU Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) refers to a “process where groups in society become adversaries when there is a sharp psychological division between ‘us and them’. Alienation and hostilities are growing, resulting in a political climate where prejudices, hate speech and even hate crime flourish” (RAN 2017).

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Now, it’s a good time to brush up on its more famous counterpart: depth of field. In this article we tell you everything you need to know about camera focus and creating compelling images using DOF.

As part of the BRIDGE project, local polarisation audits are being conducted in 13 European local authorities. Efus will make the feedback from these experiences and the resulting recommendations available to the whole network . It is an important first step to provide local authorities with tools to respond to this multifaceted and complex phenomenon, which is set to become an increasingly important aspect of urban security.

For those aforementioned reasons, depth of focus is the more obscure cousin of depth of field, and most casual photographers and cinematographers can get by without ever understanding what it is. But for people who are serious about photography or cinematography and are dealing with high-end cameras, it’s a key concept to know.

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Depth of field vs field of viewphotography

Sep 30, 2018 — "The shorter the focal length, the closer to the face. That is why the nose looks bigger in the 20mm lens shot than in the 200mm lens shot. If ...

This isn’t often a desired effect, and if it is, you can usually have your frame be entirely out of focus by adjusting your lens’ focus ring or depth of field rather than moving your image sensor.

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There are few terms in cinematography and photography more misunderstood than depth of focus. The term is often used interchangeably with depth of field, but the two ideas actually have two completely separate meanings. Depth of focus is critical to understand if you want to have a crisp image and a firm grasp on your camera operating skills. So what is depth of focus? And how is it different from depth of field?

There’s a reason most amateur photographers and cinematographers know what depth of field is but might not know about depth of focus. Depth of field is often utilized to serve an artistic purpose — a shallow depth of field directs our attention to a very specific area in the frame; a deep depth of field allows for multiple subjects to be in focus at various distances from the lens.