Free-space optical transceiver

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In 2024, a collaborative European initiative was launched to enhance Earth-to-FSOC technology. This project, supported by the European Space Agency (ESA), brought together a specialized sensor manufacturer, Phlux Technology, Airbus Defense and Space, and the University of Sheffield (U.K.). The primary objective of the ongoing work is to develop more efficient FSOC satellite terminals. The mid-range target is reliable 2.5-Gbit/s communication links operating at an IR wavelength of 1550 nm with low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The satellites typically orbit at altitudes up to 2,000 km above Earth's surface. Looking further ahead, the team aims to create systems capable of consistent 10-Gbit/s transmission rates. A radiation-hardened, integrated IR sensor and amplifier will be developed for the system.

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Where fine dexterity is needed and can't be achieved with a manufactured product, consider double gloving with a less compatible material, immediately removing and replacing the outer glove if there are any signs of contamination. In some cases, such as when wearing Silver Shield gloves, it may be possible to wear a tight-fitting glove over the loose glove to increase dexterity.

Latex may cause sensitivity or become an allergen to those exposed.  Latex exposure symptoms include skin rash and inflammation, respiratory irritation, asthma and shock. The amount of exposure needed to sensitize an individual to natural rubber latex is not known, but when exposures are reduced, sensitization decreases.

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FSOC operates on a straightforward principle: the transmission of modulated laser light through the air between a transmitter and receiver. This process involves lenses or parabolic mirrors to narrow and project the light toward the receiver where it is captured and focused onto an optical detector, typically a semiconductor photodiode. The optical signal is converted into an electrical one for processing (see Fig. 2).

The technology leverages the visible and infrared (IR) light spectrum, in contrast to the RF spectrum used by most wireless systems. This offers significant benefits, not least a vast unlicensed spectrum in which FSOC systems typically operate at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths between 700 and 1600 nm.

Most glove manufacturers have chemical compatibility charts available for their gloves. These charts may be found online from Fisher Scientific and Chemrest.

Wear gloves when handling hazardous materials, chemicals of unknown toxicity, corrosive materials, rough or sharp-edged objects, and very hot or very cold materials.  Disposable nitrile or neoprene gloves are usually appropriate as protection from incidental splashes or contact with lab chemicals.  However, the SDS should be consulted to verify chemical compatibility with the gloves being used.

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One of the key technical challenges with achieving Earth-to-satellite and terrestrial FSOC is that the IR signals used to transmit data are diffracted as they pass through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth. Variations in our atmosphere's air temperature, humidity, and turbulence cause fluctuations in the intensity and angle of incidence of IR signals. This makes the beam wander over the signal detector area, which limits performance. The issue is addressed by using large-area receptors comprising multiple IR sensors.

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Inspect gloves for signs of degradation or puncture before use. Test for pinholes by blowing or trapping air inside and rolling them out. Do not fill them with water, as this makes the gloves uncomfortable and may make it more difficult to detect a leak when wearing the glove.

Manufacturers stress that permeation and degradation tests are done under laboratory test conditions, which can vary significantly from actual conditions in the work environment.

Glove thickness, usually measured in mils or gauge, is another consideration. A 10-gauge glove is equivalent to 10 mils or 0.01 inches. Thinner, lighter gloves offer better touch sensitivity and flexibility, but may provide shorter breakthrough times. Generally, doubling the thickness of the glove quadruples the breakthrough time.

The technology also shows great potential for intra-data-center communication, where its low latency and high bandwidth are attractive attributes.

The space sector has recognized the potential of FSOC technology, particularly for satellite communications. The technology can be used for both earth-to-satellite and satellite-to-satellite communication. In the latter scenario, its performance is particularly impressive because atmospheric factors do not impede performance and in space, data rates can scale into the terabit-per-second (Tbit/s) range. As a result, the reduced weight, lower power consumption, and higher data rates of FSOC make it a particularly attractive alternative to RF systems in these applications (see Fig. 3).

In medical applications, FSOC technology shows promise for communication with subcutaneous implants, where skin-induced propagation loss can be mitigated.

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Christian Rookes is VP of marketing at Phlux Technology, a manufacturer of avalanche photodiode (APD) infrared sensors based in Sheffield, U.K. He has more than 25 years’ experience in technical marketing in semiconductor and optical communication fields. Rookes holds a BSc in Engineering and Physics from Loughborough University and an MBA Essentials Certificate from the London School of Economics. He holds two patents, including one related to impedance matching for laser diode circuits.

When working with chemicals with high acute toxicity, working with corrosives in high concentrations, handling chemicals for extended periods of time or immersing all or part of a hand into a chemical, the appropriate glove material should be selected, based on chemical and task compatibility.

The first high-capacity space-to-ground laser communication system was installed on the Bartolomeo platform of the International Space Station (ISS) as part of a collaboration between Airbus Defense and Space, the Institute of Communications and Navigation of DLR (German Aerospace Center), and Tesat-Spacecom GmbH & Co. KG. The 2018 project, called OSIRIS, was designed to provide direct-to-earth (DTE) technology with a data rate of 10 Gbit/s over a range of about 1,500 km.

Wear gloves protect against skin absorption of chemicals, chemical burns, thermal burns, lacerations, and cryogenic liquid exposure.  Choosing the appropriate hand protection can be a challenge in a laboratory setting.

The future of FSOC looks promising and ongoing research and development is targeting enhancing system performance and expanding its applications.

As FSOC evolves, it is poised to play an increasingly significant role in various sectors—from space exploration to medical devices, and 5G networks to next-generation data centers. As advances in IR sensor technology leverage its unique advantages, FSO technology has the potential to revolutionize connectivity across diverse environments to meet the growing demand for high-speed, secure, and efficient communication systems.

Atmospheric conditions have, until recently, been a limiting factor in distance and bandwidth capabilities in FSOC. But techniques to mitigate these, such as adaptive optics, are now used and result in improved data rates for a given bit error rate (BER).

These IR sensors are crucial components in FSOC receivers. Better sensors detect weaker signals, which enable development of faster, higher-bandwidth links with reduced latency. In Earth-to-satellite communications, they also improve performance because higher sensitivity allows maintenance of link integrity over a wider angle as the satellites pass overhead—resulting in longer periods of operation.

Glove size may also be important. One size does not fit all. Gloves which are too tight tend to cause fatigue, while gloves which are too loose will have loose finger ends which make work more difficult. The circumference of the hand, measured in inches, is roughly equivalent to the reported glove size. Glove color, cuff design, and lining should also be considered for some tasks.

Do not wear gloves ouside of the laboratory. Utilize carts or carriers to transport research materials from lab to other support areas. If materials must be hand-carried, utilize one gloved hand and one non-gloved hand to allow for touching common area objects; e.g., door knobs, elevator buttons, etc.

A further benefit of FSOC is that wireless channels are either regulated or where not regulated are already densely populated. FSOC needs no license and due to its narrow transmission angle, it is less susceptible to interference from other signals.

This positive forecast is despite the acknowledged challenges of environmental interference and installation capital costs. The report highlights the need for devices with greater photon efficiency to mitigate some factors that could limit growth.

Until recently, the sensitivity of 1550-nm APDs was limited by the internal noise generated within the devices, which limited the range and data rates achievable in FSOC systems. But in early 2024, noiseless InGaAs APDs were announced by Phlux Technology. These sensors, which add an antimony alloy to the compound semiconductor fabrication process, can detect exceptionally low levels of light down to single photons, which helps maintain signal integrity over long distances and under varying atmospheric conditions. They advance the performance of FSOC systems, offering 12x the sensitivity of traditional InGaAs APDs, which represents a potential 10.79-dB improvement in link efficacy before other noise sources such as amplifiers are considered (see Fig. 4).

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1550 nm is a commonly preferred wavelength for FSOC. It is a sufficiently longer wavelength than visible light, so it’s “eye safe” if people encounter the signal, and avalanche photodiodes (APDs)—based on indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) APDs—exhibit peak sensitivity to IR light at this wavelength. The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute states that 1550-nm beams are 50x safer than those at 850 nm, which were also proposed for FSOC.

Wireless communication has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, driven by a growing demand for higher data rates and capacity. As traditional radio frequency (RF) and microwave technologies struggle to keep pace with these growing requirements, free-space optical communication (FSOC) has emerged as a frontrunner, to address bandwidth limitations and last-mile connectivity challenges (see Fig. 1).

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In terrestrial applications, FSOC promises to be a cost-effective alternative to fiber-optic systems for high-speed connections in multipoint scenarios, such as large organizations or remote areas. Furthermore, its high capacity and low latency make it a promising technology for 5G backhaul links. Some hybrid systems are evolving that combine RF and FSOC technologies to provide greater reliability by adapting to varying weather conditions and interference levels.

Change dispossable gloves when there is any sign of contamination. Reusable gloves should be washed frequently if used for an extended period of time.

Degradation is the change in the physical properties of a glove caused by contact with a chemical. Degradation typically appears as hardening, stiffening, swelling, shrinking or cracking of the glove. Degradation ratings indicate how well a glove will hold up when exposed to a chemical.

VynZ Research’s report “Global Free Space Optics Market – Analysis and Forecast (2025-2030)”, forecasts a 30% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for FSOC between 2025 and 2030, with the global market, led by the U.S., to reach a value of $1.9B, up from just $550M in 2023.

Gloves should be removed avoiding skin contact with the exterior of the glove and possible contamination. Disposable gloves should be removed as follows:

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Breakthrough time is the elapsed time between the initial contact of the test chemical on the surface of the glove and the analytical detection of the chemical on the inside of the glove.

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These advancements in APD technology are poised to significantly enhance the capabilities of satellite and terrestrial FSOC and potentially revolutionize space-based data transmission.

Permeation rate is the rate at which the test chemical passes through the glove material once breakthrough has occurred and equilibrium is reached. Permeation involves absorption of the chemical on the surface of the glove, diffusion through the glove, and desorption of the chemical on the inside of the glove.  If chemical breakthrough does not occur, then permeation rate is not measured.

Be careful not to handle anything but the materials involved in the procedure while wearing gloves. Touching equipment, phones, wastebaskets or other surfaces may cause contamination.  Resist touching your face, hair, and clothing as well.

The integration of FSOC technology with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could provide high-bandwidth communication in remote areas or during emergencies. For these applications, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) may be preferred instead of APDs.

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Before removing them, wash the outside of the glove. To avoid accidental skin exposure, remove the first glove by grasping the cuff and peeling the glove off the hand so that the glove is inside out. Repeat this process with the second hand, touching the inside of the glove cuff, rather than the outside. Wash hands immediately with soap and water.

Glove length should be chosen based on the depth to which the arm will be immersed or where chemical splash is likely. Gloves longer than 14 inches provide extra protection against splash or immersion.

Most SDS recommend the most protective glove material in their Protective Equipment section. SDS's are available from the chemical manufacturers.

Compared to wireless systems, FSOC can operate with lower power consumption—which reduces cost and environmental impact. Narrow FSOC beams are also more focused than wireless emissions, and it boosts the received signal strength and mitigates the need for high-power transmitters. And antenna designs can be more compact using optics compared to RF. This reduces installation space constraints and aesthetic impact, which can be important where there is local sensitivity toward their presence. For cases in which the security of communications is important, FSOC systems may be preferred over wireless links because eavesdropping on optical links is technically challenging and the risk of interception is relatively low.

Most analysts predict strong growth for the FSOC market driven by growing demand for LTE networks, a desire for an alternative to RF technology, the requirement for more secure high-speed communications, and to address the challenges of last mile connectivity in optical networks—for fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) installations.