The first in the family, the AD7750, is designed to directly drive a stepper motor counter to integrate power to energy. In terms of cost, the stepper motor counter is popular in developing countries because it is a practical way to build an inexpensive solid state energy meter. When power is lost, the counter simply stops turning. Other solutions, like light-emitting diode (LED) displays or liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), require high pin count drivers and a method to store the reading during power loss.

Jameco Electronics

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For example, during the past year many different energy meter designs have been manufactured using 4-MHz, 4-bit microprocessors. Such microcontrollers allow a limited degree of configurability while managing some house keeping functions, such as data encryption and demodulation, time stamping for multiple rate billing, and energy-delivery intelligence (power outage detection, remote disconnect, prepayment, load management). The microprocessor allows users to select the level of service they want, and the utility can remotely configure individual meters.

As the Table shows, Analog Devices's growing family of fixed-function DSPs addresses the wide variation of system considerations worldwide. The choice of component from the family depends on the type of meter that is required for a given system.

Before continuing with a discussion of system applications and the features they give rise to, let us consider recent progress in power measurement in the electrical industry.

For example, the most general-purpose member of the family, the AD7750 (Figure 1), low-pass filters the computed product, then uses digital-to-frequency conversion to output a complementary pair of pulse trains of frequency proportional to the instantaneous real power—for driving a counter or two-phase stepping motor—plus a higher-frequency output, suitable for calibration and test.

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This archive is still under construction, so please bear with us while we add more items. If you have specific information or documents that we don't have, and would be willing to share, please contact us!

Tayda Electronics

The AD7751 is an accurate fault-tolerant electrical energy measurement IC intended for use in two-wire distribution systems. The part incorporates a novel fault-detection scheme, which both warns of fault conditions and allows the AD7751 to continue accurate billing despite a fault event. It does this by continuously monitoring both the phase and neutral (return) currents. A fault is indicated when these currents differ by more than 12.5%, and billing is continued using the larger of the two currents.

The AD7750 integrates two 16-bit analog-to-digital converters and the digital signal processing logic necessary to measure electrical energy. With the exception of the analog circuitry in the A/D converters and the reference circuit, all other signal processing (e.g., multiplication and filtering) is carried out in the digital domain. This approach provides superior stability and accuracy over extremes in environmental conditions and over time. The sigma-delta converters, operating at an oversampled rate of 900-kHz, which simplifies antialiasing, digitize the voltage signals from current and voltage transducers. The current channel has wide dynamic range and programmable gain to deal with direct connection to a variety of current-to-voltage transducers, which generally have low terminal voltage. A high-pass filter removes any dc from the current channel, eliminating inaccuracies that offset voltages might introduce into the calculation of real power.

A typical meter will convert signals proportional to instantaneous voltage and current to digital, then compute average and instantaneous real power, reactive power, active energy, etc., and transmit the information serially.

Although programmable DSPs are widely available at low cost and offer a degree of flexibility, what may turn out to be the most cost-effective form of processing electrical power measurements involves the use of a low-cost fixed-function (embedded) DSP, with on-chip A/D converters, for measurement and computation—and an associated microcontroller to handle programming tasks and simple calculations for communications and display. The DSP is continuously converting, sampling, and computing instantaneous and average power.

Futurlec

Electronic meters can compute power accurately irrespective of phase shifts and waveform distortion due to nonlinear loads; also, electromechanical meters are not able to accurately measure energy in the presence of phase-fixed load regulation schemes popular on distribution networks. Electronic measurements are thus more robust and accurate under these conditions.

Electronicparts Surplus Ltd

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In celebration of the UNESCO International Year of Light and the 200th anniversary of Augustin-Jean Fresnel’s wave theory, the Society of Light and Lighting organised the Fresnel Lecture, with sponsorship from Philips, along with the IALD and the STLD. During the lecture, Peter Phillipson MSLL reappraised the life and work of Fresnel, along with guest appearances, artifacts and experiments.

Real power is calculated from the instantaneous power signal, which is generated by multiplying the current and voltage signals. A high-pass filter can be switched into the signal path of the current channel to remove any offsets. Low-pass filtering reduces the line-frequency harmonics and extracts the real power (in other words, dc) component. This approach calculates real power correctly, even with non-sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms and any power factor. The digital signal processing, (multiplication, filtering, etc.) ensures high stability over temperature and time.

The next series of products have a serial port interface for bi-directional communication with a microprocessor. Products available soon will assist in driving the cost of energy meters down by addressing the costs of the power supply, current transducer, oscillator, and external gain calibration. Ultimately, close cooperation with meter manufacturers and utilities will lead to a highly integrated device designed to provide a great deal of functionality while meeting aggressive cost targets..

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Electrical utilities, like many other heavy industries, have greatly increased their familiarity with sophisticated electronics in recent years. For example, the rate of replacement of long-used electromechanical meters by electronic devices is expected to quickly increase as decentralization in some countries and deregulation in others encourages customers to have a greater voice. Energy producers and consumers alike can benefit significantly from electronic energy meters.

Mjp electronics

Such futuristic possibilities as automatic meter reading, smart card prepayment, and multiple rate billing will contribute importantly, but the actual accurate and reliable measurement of energy, both real and reactive, is the primary concern of progressive energy suppliers and distributors. Electronic measurement leads to reduced manufacturing investment, improved measurement accuracy and quality, and increased timely information, a combination of benefits that go well beyond the traditional rotor-plate energy meter design.

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The AD7755 core is pin-compatible with the AD7751 but it does not include the fault-tolerant billing feature. It is also designed so that it can be used in systems with more than 2 wires, including 2- and 3-phase systems.

The chip also contains two digital-to-frequency converters; one has a low-frequency output, the other, a high-frequency output. In both cases, the output pulse rate of the digital-to-frequency converters varies with value of real power dissipated over time. The chip offers a range of output frequencies, selectable by the designer, to accommodate most meters. The low-frequency output, because of its long accumulation time between pulses, has a frequency that is proportional to the average real power. The high-frequency output, with its shorter accumulation time, is proportional to the instantaneous real power. As a result, the high-frequency output is useful for calibrating the meter under steady load conditions.

The first attempts at electronic energy meters derived power by multiplying current and voltage in the analog domain, but the linearity over temperature and time proved to be no better than electromechanical meters. The stability, linearity, and accuracy provided by automatic error detection/correction of digital calculations has already swept across the communications industry and now has arrived at the door of electrical power metrology. Digital signal processing (DSP)-based products perform multiplication and other calculations on current- and voltage signals that have been digitized with on-chip analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Processing the signals digitally provides stable and accurate calculations over time despite variations in the environment.

Granted that electronic energy meters have outperformed the electromechanical meter in terms of functionality and performance, how do they stack up in cost and reliability? Two thumbs up! The entry to this field of companies like Analog Devices, with its excellent reputation for supplying analog, digital, and mixed-signal integrated circuits in large quantity for military, aerospace, and high-volume consumer products, promises the successful marriage between high reliability and low cost electronics that the industry has been waiting for. Recognizing the cost constraints of single-phase energy meters, ADI has identified an opportunity to help meter manufacturers meet their volume requirements, while reaching their cost targets and alleviating their reliability concerns.

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The AD775x family of energy-measuring integrated circuits accepts voltage inputs representing local voltage and current in an electrical power system and converts them to digital using oversampling A/D converters. An on-chip digital processor continuously computes the product of the two signals, which is proportional to instantaneous power. Input conditioning, filtering, further processing, and other features, which are specific to each type within the AD775x family, provide metering solutions for a variety of power-system applications.

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The growing family of standard products designed for energy measurement not only eliminates the high manufacturing investment associated with electromechanical energy meters; it also greatly reduces the need to develop ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). Standard products incorporate the solutions of problems common to multitudes of different customers at a lower shared cost. Factors that manufacturers of electronic energy meters should consider when seeking to optimize overall cost-effectiveness of measurement choices include accuracy, hardware, software, development costs, time to market, and ease of implementation.

If the required ratio of peak power to average power in a system is reduced, the consequent reduction in required generating capacity will reduce environmental disturbance and pollution. The incentives provided by multiple-rate billing will help to greatly reduce peak usage despite population growth. Distribution cleanliness is maintained by monitoring the power-quality pollution (e.g., excessive reactive power, nonlinear loads, dc offsets) imposed by individual consumers. Consumers can benefit from lower electricity bills with the installation of smart card controlled energy meters that lower operational costs of providing service, reading meters, and processing data.

Customer service is improved through remote and automated meter reading and efficient data management. Besides receiving more credible utility bills, consumers benefit from more reliable power distribution. When customer meters are communicating through a network, power outages can be detected, identified, and corrected more quickly.

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