Anatomy of the Microscope - Eyepieces (Oculars) - ocular microscope function
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Since the diode can only measure optical radiation or light which impinges on its active area, the laser spot on the diode must be smaller compared to the dimensions of the photodiode’s active area in order to measure its total power accurately. This limits the laser spot diameter to a certain extent (typically a few mm). Furthermore, the maximum power is limited by the photodiode’s responsivity, linearity (saturation) and the optometer's maximum input current (typical max. values are in the range of a few mW). Of course, optical density filters (ND filters) can be used to a certain extend.
This detector concept is built by adding a photodiode onto a hollow sphere with highly reflective inner coating, a so-called integrating sphere. This setup is then calibrated in our ISO 17025 calibration laboratory. In order to measure optical power accurately, all optical radiation must be coupled into the integrating sphere through its entrance port.
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This well-established measurement concept works for CW-sources as well as pulsed sources. For pulsed sources, the average power is normally measured. Therefore, the integration time and the pulse frequencies must be matched.
The major disadvantage of aspheric lenses is their price. These advanced vision correcting lenses cost more to manufacture than traditional lenses do, involving more steps, more precision, and more labor. If you have an extremely mild need for vision correction, then aspheric lenses may not be the most logical choice for you.
During this stretching, the energy remains constant (area A1 = A2) but area A2 can be much higher sampled which results in a more precise measurement compared to area A1. The final results show the laser energy (in J) on the detector during the measurement. This offers the ability to precisely measure pulse energies of pulse chains as well as single pulses down to the ns range. For single pulses a trigger possibility is offered.
Your eye shape is unique to you and you alone; this means that your lenses, whether aspheric prescription or non-prescription, must be customized to your unique eye shape. An experienced optometrist can assess your vision needs and recommend the most appropriate and flattering lenses for you. Get in touch with our team today to discuss your interest in aspheric lenses!
However, when measuring short pulses (ns range), larger integrating sphere lead to pulse stretching due to the light’s propagation time inside the sphere resulting from multiple reflections. Hence for pulse shape analysis, only small spheres can be used or the sphere diameter needs to be adjusted to the expected pulse length. Also dual detector setups are possible to address the specific needs. Here we can offer our support and experience depending on the laser parameter and provide you with the best solution for your application. See for instance our 16 mm ISD-1.6-SP innovative dual sensor integrating sphere which is among others used for lidar laser characterization.
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Pure photodiode detectors can be used for CW, pulse energy as well as pulse shape analysis (rise-time of the diode must be considered).
Any incoming signal from the photodiode is stretched in time in order to fit to the rise-time of the optometer’s built-in transimpedance amplifier.
For any kind of radiometric laser power measurement, the calibration plays a key role for the precision of the final result. In other words, a low calibration uncertainty which you can trust is important. In that respect we offer laser power calibrations certified in our DAkkS ISO 17025 accredited calibration and testing laboratory. This means highest standards according to the ISO 17025 are applied to the processes to ensure reliability and traceability of our calibrations. All calibrations are directly traceable to the PTB, the German NMI, or comparable NMIs. Our calibration laboratory covers the wavelength range from 200 nm – 2500 nm.
Sometimes also the pulse shape is needed, see App 022 covering laser pulse shape measurement or dual detector sphere for laser power and laser waveform measurement. The optometer can also take the measurement time into account and integrate the laser power over time, showing directly the resulting energy/laser dose (in J).
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Finally, as mentioned in the beginning of this article, aspheric lenses are also an option for some contact lens wearers. However, the performance of aspheric contact lenses, when compared with that of aspheric glasses, may leave something to be desired. Many find that regular, spherical contact lenses work just as well, if not better than the newer aspherical contact lenses do. With two primary options of aspheric contact lens prescriptions being bifocal and multifocal, visual aberrations can be corrected in the wearer. However, visual contrast may reduce slightly, while glare caused by driving at night may increase - particularly for those who wear multifocal aspheric contacts. For these reasons, aspheric contact lenses may not be for everyone.
Aspheric lenses are slimmer, flatter optical lenses compared to traditional prescription lenses. These lenses are available in both glasses and contacts, making more stylish options available to prescription lens wearers than ever.
The minimum and maximum power that can be measured are determined by the combination of detector and optometer being used. Our products usually cover a very large power range from few nW up to kW due to our multi-gain range transimpedance amplifiers
The technology behind aspheric glasses and contact lenses is directly related to advances made in camera lens technology. Just like the human eye, some camera lenses are shaped in such a way that visual aberrations and distortion can occur in the images they capture. The shape of the eye can also contribute to distorted vision. That’s why lenses are specially designed to balance and correct for the unique shape of a person’s eye—and why the technology has had to come a rather long way.
Here you can get a first overview of our products Radiometeres for Laser Radiation/Laser Power Meters. Also our Spectroradiometers for Radiometry/Spectrometer for Laser Power Measurements can be combined with integrating spheres for spectral laser power measurements. Please contact us for further information.
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While traditional lenses have gone far to help the millions of people who suffer from farsightedness or nearsightedness, they add a marked spherical, convex curvature to the shape of the lens. This can distort the appearance of the eyes and facial areas. Traditional convex lenses can create a magnifying, bug-eyed effect on farsighted prescriptions or a minimizing, beady-eyed effect on nearsighted prescriptions. This noticeable curvature of the lens distorts the appearance of the wearer and the glasses alike, detracting from overall perceived attractiveness while also dealing an unnecessary blow to self-confidence.
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For this concept/measurement setup the flexibility is much larger, since the range of sphere diameters we can offer ranges from 8 mm to 1 m. Hence it is possible to design measurement ports (integrating sphere entrance port) accordingly and large laser beam diameters or highly divergent beams can be measured if needed. Optical power levels can be adjusted more easily by a combination of optical density filters and the sphere diameter (attenuation by larger spheres). Additionally, the dynamic range can be extended by using multiple photodiodes in one integrating sphere for different optical power ranges. In total this approach permits maximum laser powers of more than 100W to be still measured correctly.
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In general, many people with moderate to high need of vision correction for nearsightedness or farsightedness can benefit from the advances of aspheric lenses, particularly if worn in prescription glasses. Those with lower prescriptions will not see noticeable improvements to make the cost of aspheric lenses worthwhile. While some may want to try aspheric contact lenses, particularly those with bifocal rather than multifocal prescriptions, the benefits are mixed and should be discussed with your eye doctor. Those with astigmatism may not benefit as high as others and may be better off discussing toric lens options. Finally, aspheric lenses are a good option for many who use non-prescription reading glasses, too! If your readers are at a high reading power of +4.00 or higher, you may want to explore aspheric options.
Another factor to consider is that, due to their flatter profile and closer proximity to the face, aspheric lenses may produce noticeable reflections for some wearers. Anti-reflective coating is recommended for all aspheric lens wearers to eliminate any potential for visual distraction that reflections can cause.
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Lasers are widely used in many different applications today. Optical communications, laser printing, material processing, distance measurement (LiDAR), medicine and mass spectrometry to name a few.
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As you can see, aspheric lenses offer many aesthetic and vision-correcting benefits for their wearers. But just like any prescription, these types of glasses or contact lenses should be thoroughly discussed with your eye doctor to make the best decision for you. Even if you’re considering non-prescription readers with aspheric lenses, it's worth it to mention the change to your doctor.
With the advancement of aspheric lens technology, we now have more glasses frame styles available to more people than ever, with significantly less bulging of the lens and a lightweight feel for comfortable wear. These advanced lenses are cut to a slimmer profile, with much flatter curves that are strategically shaped depending upon the wearer’s prescription. This slim profile means that the glasses frames can sit closer to the face for a much more natural, streamlined look. This is a big advancement for folks with especially high prescriptions. If you’re in the market for aspheric lenses, limited frame materials, shapes, and sizes are no longer an issue, either.
This setup is the most basic one. It consists of a wired photodiode inside a metal housing connected to an optometer. Due to the high linearity of photodiodes, this setup provides precise reading of low as well as medium power lasers.
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Gigahertz-Optik offers standard sphere systems as well as highly flexible customized setups. This leads to various geometries as well as diode combinations being possible. See our Modular Integrating Sphere Concept for individual Laser Power Meters/Sphere Systems for further details here.
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For many of these applications, the power (peak power, average power, pulse shape) or energy as well as the stability of the laser being used must be measured in order to control for instance the safety according to safety standards like Artificial Optical Radiation Directive 2006/25/EC or laser classification according to EN 60825-1 classification. For such kind of measurements, the combination of a photodiode-based sensor and an electronic read-out device (Optometer) can be used.
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With the optometer classical laser power meter P-9710 and its successor the modern touchscreen laser power meter P-21, Gigahertz-Optik also offers a precise optometer to measure incoming pulse energy. This measurement is using the principle of the so-called pulse-stretching method.
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The photodiode is converting the incoming laser radiation into an electrical current which is read out by the optometer. With the help of a radiometric calibration (e.g. by the ISO 17025 accredited calibration laboratory of Gigahertz-Optik) the optometer will show the resulting optical power (in W) at the desired wavelength.
If the word aspheric is new to you, we’ll break down everything you need to know about what aspheric lenses are, how they work, and the benefits and drawbacks of wearing them. By the end of this article, you’ll feel primed and ready to discuss aspheric lenses with your doctor if they are of interest to you.
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Not only are ‘coke bottle lenses’ a thing of the past, but aspheric lenses also offer a better degree of vision correction. When wearing traditional lenses, you may notice some visual distortion when you look anywhere other than the direct center of the lens. Aspheric lenses, on the other hand, promote a wider field of vision with better peripheral vision and more consistent overall image magnification, allowing for clearer and more accurate vision. This is the same reason many photographers prefer aspheric camera lenses - a wider field of vision means more of the beautiful world is accurately captured in a single glance.
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