Yi, X., Yang, Q.-F., Yang, K. Y. & Vahala, K. Theory and measurement of the soliton self-frequency shift and efficiency in optical microcavities: publisher’s note. Opt. Lett. 41, 3722 (2016).

a, Time–frequency maps obtained with short-time Fourier transform of the heterodyne beat detection of the individual FMCW channels. Top left to bottom right panels denote optical carriers between 192.1 THz and 196 THz. Modulation frequency is 100 kHz. The pump channel at 193 THz is outlined in purple. b, As for a, but for modulation frequency 10 MHz.

Roos, P. A. et al. Ultrabroadband optical chirp linearization for precision metrology applications. Opt. Lett. 34, 3692–3694 (2009).

Liu, J. et al. Monolithic piezoelectric control of soliton microcombs. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.08686 (2020).

Monocular tube: This type of tube has become less used. It only allows the observer to view the specimen with one eye and is not well suited for applications that require in-depth observation and recording of microscopic structures.

Function ofobjective lens inmicroscope

We thank A. S. Raja for his contribution with microresonator testing. Samples were fabricated at the Center of MicroNanoTechnology (CMi) with the assistance of R. N. Wang. This work was supported by funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant agreement number 165933 and by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), Air Force Material Command, USAF, under award number FA9550-15-1-0250. Sample fabrication and process developement was funded by contract HR0011-15-C-055 (DODOS) from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Microsystems Technology Office (MTO). J.R. and W.W. acknowledge support from the EUs H2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie IF grant agreement numbers 846737 (CoSiLiS) and 753749 (SOLISYNTH), respectively. We acknowledge interactions with A. Zott from ZEISS AG.

Leo, F. et al. Temporal cavity solitons in one-dimensional Kerr media as bits in an all-optical buffer. Nat. Photonics 4, 471–476 (2010).

Binocular eyepieces: Binocular eyepieces are the more common way to work. It has two lenses called the field mirror and the eyepiece. This design allows the observer to view the specimen with both eyes, simulating a natural viewing environment and reducing eye strain.

Levinson, J. et al. Towards fully autonomous driving: systems and algorithms. Proc. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symp. 163–168, https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2011.5940562 (2011).

T.J.K. is a co-founder and shareholder of LiGenTec SA, a start-up company that is engaged in making Si3N4 nonlinear photonic chips available via foundry service.

Triocular tube: The triocular tube is commonly used for photomicrographic needs. It allows the observer to view the specimen with two eyes, while also having an additional optical channel that can be connected to camera equipment to take high-quality micrographs and videos.

Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland

Modern eyepieces usually use composite lenses to correct optical defects such as magnification chromatic aberration, aberration, and aberration. The field mirrors and eyepieces are designed to enable the observer to obtain high quality microscopic images.

Behroozpour, B., Sandborn, P., Wu, M. & Boser, B. E. Lidar system architectures and circuits. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55, 135–142 (2017).

Function ofbody tube inmicroscope

Shop stylish sunglasses for UV protection at Roots. Find the perfect pair to shield your eyes in style.

Marin-Palomo, P. et al. Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications. Nature 546, 274–279 (2017).

Color Contrast Checker. Enter a foreground and background color in #hex or RGB integer format to check contrast for accessibility (pressing enter or tab after ...

The tube is the bottom part of the microscope, usually connected to the objective lens, and can be divided into three types: monocular, binocular, and triocular.

What iseyepieceinmicroscope

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a, Setup for pump-laser frequency measurement via heterodyne beat note and chirp linearization feedback. b, Initial frequency modulation, when the VCO is driven with a triangular ramp. The measured frequency is compared with the targeted ideal modulation. The ramp frequency is 100 kHz. c, Final triangular frequency modulation pattern, after four iterations. d, Evolution of the root-mean-square (RMS) frequency deviation during the optimization loop. e, Evolution of the deviation between measurement and target sweep, at each iteration of the loop.

Gnanalingam, S. & Weekes, K. Weak echoes from the ionosphere with radio waves of frequency 1.42 Mc./s. Nature 170, 113–114 (1952).

Liang, W. et al. High spectral purity Kerr frequency comb radio frequency photonic oscillator. Nat. Commun. 6, 7957 (2015).

A simple solution is to use a piece of white card or paper to block the primary mirrors reflections. Simply insert a piece of white paper into the telescope ...

Ahn, T. J. & Kim, D. Y. Analysis of nonlinear frequency sweep in high-speed tunable laser sources using a self-homodyne measurement and hilbert transformation. Appl. Opt. 46, 2394 (2007).

Function ofdiopter adjustment inmicroscope

a, Time-dependent frequency of pump laser at 193 THz (grey) and 195 THz comb sideband (μ = 20, dark green) and modulation frequency 100 kHz. b, As for a, but for modulation frequency 10 MHz. c, Power spectral density of frequency modulation Sff for pump (grey) and sideband (dark green). The markers denote the positions of harmonics, which are used in the transduction analysis. The lower panel shows the power spectral density of sideband frequency modulation harmonics normalized to the corresponding modulation power spectral density of the pump laser (see Fig. 3). d, As for c, but for modulation frequency 10 MHz.

Sun, J., Timurdogan, E., Yaacobi, A., Hosseini, E. S. & Watts, M. R. Large-scale nanophotonic phased array. Nature 493, 195–199 (2013).

The Official Website for the United States Space Force.

Piels, M., Bauters, J. F., Davenport, M. L., Heck, M. J. R. & Bowers, J. E. Low-loss silicon nitride AWG demultiplexer heterogeneously integrated with hybrid III-V/silicon photodetectors. J. Lightwave Technol. 32, 817–823 (2014).

totally polarized light. Light from a rainbow, reflected sunlight, and coherent laser light are examples of po- larized light. There are three different ...

Mar 17, 2021 — You could also get a Flirc USB receiver that is more customizable, but I prefer the plain jane original microsoft receiver. Which remote are you ...

Pfeiffer, M. H. P. et al. Photonic damascene process for integrated high-Q microresonator based nonlinear photonics. Optica 3, 20–25 (2016).

Pavlov, N. et al. Narrow-linewidth lasing and soliton Kerr microcombs with ordinary laser diodes. Nat. Photonics 12, 694–698 (2018).

Uttam, D. & Culshaw, B. Precision time domain reflectometry in optical fiber systems using a frequency modulated continuous wave ranging technique. J. Lightwave Technol. 3, 971–977 (1985).

a, Setup for pump-laser frequency measurement via delayed homodyne detection and chirp linearization feedback. Calibration of the MZI is performed by fitting the frequency-dependent phase modulation response of the MZI. b, Initial frequency modulation, when the VCO is driven with a triangular ramp, determined using a Hilbert transform. The measured frequency is compared with the targeted ideal modulation. The ramp frequency is 100 kHz. The red-shaded regions around the extremal points are excluded from the linearization update. c, Final triangular frequency modulation pattern, after 20 iterations. Convergence achieved after four iterations. d, Evolution of the root-mean-square frequency deviation during the optimization loop. e, Evolution of the deviation between measurement and target sweep, at each iteration of the loop.

Function ofarm inmicroscope

Lucas, E., Guo, H., Jost, J., Karpov, M. & Kippenberg, T. J. Detuning-dependent properties and dispersion-induced instabilities of temporal dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators. Phys. Rev. A 95, 043822 (2017).

Riemensberger, J., Lukashchuk, A., Karpov, M. et al. Massively parallel coherent laser ranging using a soliton microcomb. Nature 581, 164–170 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2239-3

Wang, Y., Anderson, M., Coen, S., Murdoch, S. G. & Erkintalo, M. Stimulated Raman scattering imposes fundamental limits to the duration and bandwidth of temporal cavity solitons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 053902 (2018).

Partsof microscopeand itsfunction

Binocular tube: Binocular tube is the common type. It allows both eyes to observe the specimen at the same time, providing a more natural and comfortable viewing experience. In general, binocular tubes have adjustable pupil distance and telescopic range to accommodate different observers.

Zhang, M. et al. Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator. Nature 568, 373–377 (2019).

Karpov, M. et al. Raman self-frequency shift of dissipative Kerr solitons in an optical microresonator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 103902 (2016).

A.L. and J.R. conducted the various experiments and analysed the data. E.L. assisted with laser linearization, W.W. performed the numerical simulations, A.L. designed the samples and J.L. fabricated the samples. All authors discussed the manuscript. J.R., T.J.K., M.K. and E.L. wrote the manuscript. T.J.K. supervised the work and conceived the experiment.

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Coherent ranging, also known as frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) laser-based light detection and ranging (lidar)1 is used for long-range three-dimensional distance and velocimetry in autonomous driving2,3. FMCW lidar maps distance to frequency4,5 using frequency-chirped waveforms and simultaneously measures the Doppler shift of the reflected laser light, similar to sonar or radar6,7 and coherent detection prevents interference from sunlight and other lidar systems. However, coherent ranging has a lower acquisition speed and requires precisely chirped8 and highly coherent5 laser sources, hindering widespread use of the lidar system and impeding parallelization, compared to modern time-of-flight ranging systems that use arrays of individual lasers. Here we demonstrate a massively parallel coherent lidar scheme using an ultra-low-loss photonic chip-based soliton microcomb9. By fast chirping of the pump laser in the soliton existence range10 of a microcomb with amplitudes of up to several gigahertz and a sweep rate of up to ten megahertz, a rapid frequency change occurs in the underlying carrier waveform of the soliton pulse stream, but the pulse-to-pulse repetition rate of the soliton pulse stream is retained. As a result, the chirp from a single narrow-linewidth pump laser is transferred to all spectral comb teeth of the soliton at once, thus enabling parallelism in the FMCW lidar. Using this approach we generate 30 distinct channels, demonstrating both parallel distance and velocity measurements at an equivalent rate of three megapixels per second, with the potential to improve sampling rates beyond 150 megapixels per second and to increase the image refresh rate of the FMCW lidar by up to two orders of magnitude without deterioration of eye safety. This approach, when combined with photonic phase arrays11 based on nanophotonic gratings12, provides a technological basis for compact, massively parallel and ultrahigh-frame-rate coherent lidar systems.

Chembo, Y. K. & Menyuk, C. R. Spatiotemporal Lugiato-Lefever formalism for Kerr-comb generation in whispering-gallery-mode resonators. Phys. Rev. A 87, 053852 (2013).

Feneyrou, P. et al. Frequency-modulated multifunction LiDAR for anemometry, range finding, and velocimetry: 1. Theory and signal processing. Appl. Opt. 56, 9663 (2017).

Guo, H. et al. Universal dynamics and deterministic switching of dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators. Nat. Phys. 13, 94–102 (2017).

Monocular: This is a traditional way of working with eyepieces, but is now rarely used. It has only one lens, and the observer views the specimen with one eye.

Microscope

Petit, J., Stottelaar, B., Feiri, M. & Kargl, F. Remote attacks on automated vehicles sensors: experiments on camera and LiDAR. Black Hat Europe Conf. 11, 1–13 (2015); https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Petit-Self-Driving-And-Connected-Cars-Fooling-Sensors-And-Tracking-Drivers-wp1.pdf.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The barrel and eyepiece are important components of microscope, their design and quality directly affect the observation effect and comfort. Binocular tubes and high-quality eyepieces allow observers to view specimens more easily, reduce eye strain, and obtain higher quality microscopic images. At the same time, the triocular tube facilitates photomicrography, allowing scientists to record and share their findings.

Sep 10, 2024 — Nikon is another camera brand with a long history of producing optical devices, cameras, and lenses. One of the pioneering manufacturers of ...

Metcalf, A. J., Torres-Company, V., Leaird, D. E. & Weiner, A. M. High-power broadly tunable electrooptic frequency comb generator. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 19, 231–236 (2013).

a, Measurement setup. The linearized frequency-modulated microcomb (see Extended Data Fig. 5 for setup schematic) is amplified and individual channels are selected by connecting the local oscillator path of the measurement setup to a calibrated imbalanced MZI (8.075 m). b, The top panel shows the frequency-excursion bandwidth Bμ determined from independent measurement of the length of imbalanced MZI. Linear fit related to Raman self-frequency shift ΩR. The bottom panel shows the residuals of the linear fit.

In the complex world of microscopy, the barrel and the eyepiece are the elusive or missing components that, by working together, allow us to peer deeply into tiny biological and material structures. This article will describe the functions and types of eyepieces and tubes, and their role in microscopy.

In summary, the barrel and eyepiece play a vital role in the microscope, their precision design and the way they work provide a better viewing experience and high-quality microscopic observations. These key components allow scientists to delve deeper into the microscopic world and reveal its secrets. The tube and the eyepiece together form the window of the microscopic world.

by MJ Hoque · 2023 · Cited by 22 — Due to the demonstrated F-DLC conformity, low surface energy, and good thermal conductivity compared to polymeric hydrophobic coatings, the F- ...

Eyepiecelensmicroscope

Urmson, C. et al. Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the urban challenge. J. Field Robot. 25, 425–466 (2008).

2022729 — Within the laser community, one of the most overused and often miscommunicated terms is the phrase single mode. This is because a laser beam ...

a, Time-frequency maps obtained with short-time Fourier transform of the delayed homodyne beat detection of the individual FMCW channels back-reflected from the rotating flywheel. Top left to bottom right panels denote optical carriers between 192.1 THz and 195.2 THz. The pump channel at 193 THz is outlined in purple. Modulation frequency is 100 kHz. b, As for a, but for static flywheel.

Lugiato, L. A. & Lefever, R. Spatial dissipative structures in passive optical systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2209–2211 (1987).

The eyepiece is usually located at the top of the microscope, and its role is to further enlarge the image after the enlarged objective lens, so that the human eye can view the specimen clearly. Eyepieces work in two ways: monocular and binocular.

a, c, e, The evolution of the root-mean-square frequency deviation during the optimization loop for modulation frequencies of 10 kHz, 1 MHz and 10 MHz, respectively. b, d, f, Corresponding evolution of the deviation between the measurement and the target sweep, at each iteration of the loop.

Fang, Q. et al. WDM multi-channel silicon photonic receiver with 320 Gbps data transmission capability. Opt. Express 18, 5106–5113 (2010).

Kippenberg, T. J., Gaeta, A. L., Lipson, M. & Gorodetsky, M. L. Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators. Science 361, eaan8083 (2018).

Pfeiffer, M. H. P. et al. Photonic damascene process for low-loss, high-confinement silicon nitride waveguides. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24, 1–11 (2018).

Pfeiffer, M. H. P. et al. Ultra-smooth silicon nitride waveguides based on the damascene reflow process: fabrication and loss origins. Optica 5, 884–892 (2018).

Liu, J. et al. Double inverse nanotapers for efficient light coupling to integrated photonic devices. Opt. Lett. 43, 3200–3203 (2018).

Poe Macabre Master Volume 1 Amazon Edition: Collecting issues 1 -3 ... Each of the comic adaptions add a new modern twist to the classic tales you already know ...

Jiang, Y., Karpf, S. & Jalali, B. Time-stretch LiDAR as a spectrally scanned time-of-flight ranging camera. Nat. Photonics 14, 14–18 (2020).

Zhang, X., Pouls, J. & Wu, M. C. Laser frequency sweep linearization by iterative learning pre-distortion for FMCW lidar. Opt. Express 27, 9965 (2019).