The design flexibility of quantum cascade lasers has enabled their expansion into mid-infrared wavelengths of 3–25 μm. This Review focuses on the two major areas of recent improvement: power and power efficiency, and spectral performance.

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Xie, F. et al. High-temperature continuous-wave operation of low power consumption single-mode distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ∼ 5.2 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 091110 (2009).

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Quantum cascade laserswikipedia

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Maulini, R., Mohan, A., Giovannini, M., Faist, J. & Gini, E. External cavity quantum-cascade laser tunable from 8.2 to 10.4 μm using a gain element with a heterogeneous cascade. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201113 (2006).

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Fujita, K., Edamura, T., Furuta, S. & Yamanishi, M. High-performance, homogeneous broad-gain quantum cascade lasers based on dual-upper-state design. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 241107, (2010).

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Maulini, R., Beck, M., Faist, J. & Gini, E. Broadband tuning of external cavity bound-to-continuum quantum-cascade lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1659–1661 (2004).

Bai, Y., Bandyopadhyay, N., Tsao, S., Slivken, S. & Razeghi, M. Room temperature quantum cascade lasers with 27% wall plug efficiency. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 181102 (2011).

Gresch, T., Giovannini, M., Hoyer, N. & Faist, J. Quantum cascade lasers with large optical waveguides. IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 18, 544–546 (2006).

Lyakh, A. et al. 1.6 W high wall plug efficiency, continuous-wave room temperature quantum cascade laser emitting at 4.6 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 111110 (2008).

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The downside is that there's no longer a special area that has almost no distortion, like you might find on most other projections. This is why compromise ...

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Quantum Cascadelaser price

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Menzel, S. et al. Quantum cascade laser master-oscillator power-amplifier with 1.5 W output power at 300 K. Opt. Express 19, 16229–16235 (2011).

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Bai, Y., Darvish, S. R., Bandyopadhyay, N., Slivken, S. & Razeghi, M. Optimizing facet coating of quantum cascade lasers for low power consumption. J. Appl. Phys. 109, 053103 (2011).

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Mukherjee, N. & Patel, C. K. N. Molecular fine structure and transition dipole moment of NO2 using an external cavity quantum cascade laser. Chem. Phys. Lett. 462, 10–13 (2008).

Lu, Q. Y., Bai, Y., Bandyopadhyay, N., Slivken, S. & Razeghi, M. Room-temperature continuous wave operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers with watt-level power output. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 231119 (2010).

Blaser, S. et al. Low-consumption (<2W) continuous-wave singlemode quantum-cascade lasers grown by metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy. Electron. Lett. 43, 1201–1202 (2007).

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Quantum cascadelaser applications

Zhang, J. C. et al. Low-threshold continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser at λ ∼ 4.6 μm. IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 23, 1334–1336 (2011).

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Yu, J. S., Slivken, S., Evans, A., Doris, L. & Razeghi, M. High-power continuous-wave operation of a 6 μm quantum-cascade laser at room temperature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2503–2505 (2003).

Slivken, S., Matlis, A., Rybaltowski, A., Wu, Z. & Razeghi, M. Low-threshold 7.3 μm quantum cascade lasers grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2758–2760 (1999).

Darvish, S. R., Slivken, S., Evans, A., Yu, J. S. & Razeghi, M. Room-temperature, high-power, and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ∼ 9.6 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201114 (2006).

Gmachl, C. et al. High temperature (T ≥ 425K) pulsed operation of quantum cascade lasers. Electron. Lett. 36, 723–725 (2000).

When an optical flat is placed on another surface and illuminated with monochromatic light, the light waves reflect off both - the bottom surface of the flat ...

Escarra, M. D. et al. Quantum cascade lasers with voltage defect of less than one longitudinal optical phonon energy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 251114 (2009).

Xie, F. et al. Room temperature CW operation of short wavelength quantum cascade lasers made of strain balanced GaxIn1− xAs/AlyIn1− yAs material on InP substrates. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 17, 1445–1452 (2011).

Gokden, B., Bai, Y., Bandyopadhyay, N., Slivken, S. & Razeghi, M. Broad area photonic crystal distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers emitting 34 W at λ ∼ 4.36 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 131112 (2010).

Lee, B. G. et al. Widely tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source for mid-infrared spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231101 (2007).

Faist, J. et al. Continuous-wave operation of a vertical transition quantum cascade laser above T=80 K. Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3057–3059 (1995).

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Khurgin, J. B. et al. Role of interface roughness in the transport and lasing characteristics of quantum-cascade lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 091101 (2009).

Page, H. et al. High peak power (1.1W) (Al)GaAs quantum cascade laser emitting at 9.7 μm. Electron. Lett. 35, 1848–1849 (1999).

Mohan, A. et al. Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of an external-cavity quantum cascade laser. Opt. Lett. 32, 2792–2794 (2007).

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Lu, Q. Y., Bai, Y., Bandyopadhyay, N., Slivken, S. & Razeghi, M. 2.4 W room temperature continuous wave operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 181106 (2011).

Blaser, S. et al. Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum-cascade lasers at λ ≈ 5.4 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 041109 (2005).

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Diehl, L. et al. High-power quantum cascade lasers grown by low-pressure metal organic vapor-phase epitaxy operating in continuous wave above 400 K. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 201115 (2006).

Quantum cascadelaser PDF

Bismuto, A., Beck, M. & Faist, J. High power Sb-free quantum cascade laser emitting at 3.3 μm above 350 K. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 191104 (2011).

Interbandcascadelaser

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Quantum cascadelaser spectroscopy

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Maulini, R., Yarekha, D. A., Bulliard, J. M., Giovannini, M. & Faist, J. Continuous-wave operation of a broadly tunable thermoelectrically cooled external cavity quantum-cascade laser. Opt. Lett. 30, 2584–2586 (2005).

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Lyakh, A. et al. 3 W continuous-wave room temperature single-facet emission from quantum cascade lasers based on nonresonant extraction design approach. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 141113 (2009).

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Maulini, R., Lyakh, A., Tsekoun, A. & Patel, C. K. N. λ ∼ 7.1 μm quantum cascade lasers with 19% wall-plug efficiency at room temperature. Opt. Express 19, 17203–17211 (2011).

Tredicucci, A. et al. High performance interminiband quantum cascade lasers with graded superlattices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2101–2103 (1998).

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Quantum cascadelaser working principle

Liu, P. Q., Sladek, K., Wang, X. J., Fan, J. Y. & Gmachl, C. F. Single-mode quantum cascade lasers employing a candy-cane shaped monolithic coupled cavity. Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 241112 (2011).

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Wysocki, G. et al. Widely tunable mode-hop free external cavity quantum cascade lasers for high resolution spectroscopy and chemical sensing. Appl. Phys. B 92, 305–311 (2008).

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Yu Yao and Anthony J. Hoffman: These two authors contributed equally to this work, and significantly more so than the third author

Beck, M. et al. Continuous wave operation of a mid-infrared semiconductor laser at room temperature. Science 295, 301–305 (2002).

Hoffman, A. J. et al. Low voltage-defect quantum cascade laser with heterogeneous injector regions. Opt. Express 15, 15818–15823 (2007).

Tunablequantum cascadelaser

Revin, D. G. et al. InP-based midinfrared quantum cascade lasers for wavelengths below 4 μm. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 17, 1417–1425 (2011).

Mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers are semiconductor injection lasers whose active core implements a multiple-quantum-well structure. Relying on a designed staircase of intersubband transitions allows free choice of emission wavelength and, in contrast with diode lasers, a low transparency point that is similar to a classical, atomic four-level laser system. In recent years, this design flexibility has expanded the achievable wavelength range of quantum cascade lasers to ∼3–25 μm and the terahertz regime, and provided exemplary improvements in overall performance. Quantum cascade lasers are rapidly becoming practical mid-infrared sources for a variety of applications such as trace-chemical sensing, health monitoring and infrared countermeasures. In this Review we focus on the two major areas of recent improvement: power and power efficiency, and spectral performance.

Faist, J. et al. Short wavelength (λ ∼ 3.4 μm) quantum cascade laser based on strained compensated InGaAs/AlInAs. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 680–682 (1998).

Yu, J. S. et al. High-power, room-temperature, and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at λ ∼ 4.8 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 041104 (2005).

The authors acknowledge collaborations with colleagues at Princeton University and associated with the NSF Engineering Research Center MIRTHE. A.J.H. thanks S. Howard for valuable discussions. They also acknowledge partial support by MIRTHE (NSF-ERC) and DTRA.

Colombelli, R. et al. Far-infrared surface-plasmon quantum-cascade lasers at 21.5 μm and 24 μm wavelengths. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 2620–2622 (2001).

Hoffman, A. J. et al. Lasing-induced reduction in core heating in high wall plug efficiency quantum cascade lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 041101 (2009).

Beck, M. et al. Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with a large optical cavity waveguide. IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 12, 1450–1452 (2000).

Katz, S., Vizbaras, A., Boehm, G. & Amann, M. C. High-performance injectorless quantum cascade lasers emitting below 6 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 151106 (2009).

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Faist, J., Beck, M., Aellen, T. & Gini, E. Quantum-cascade lasers based on a bound-to-continuum transition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 147–149 (2001).

Ulrich, J., Kreuter, J., Schrenk, W., Strasser, G. & Unterrainer, K. Long wavelength (15 and 23 μm) GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3691–3693 (2002).

Mujagić, E. et al. Two-dimensional broadband distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser arrays. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 141101 (2011).

Phillips, M. C., Myers, T. L., Wojcik, M. D. & Cannon, B. D. External cavity quantum cascade laser for quartz tuning fork photoacoustic spectroscopy of broad absorption features. Opt. Lett. 32, 1177–1179 (2007).