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CMOS sensors are defined by their sizes. There are multiple sensor sizes, but the most popular are: full frame, APS-C, and micro four thirds. We’ll explore those (and others) in detail later.

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Camera lenses are Fixed Focal Length Lenses, which means that they have a fixed Angular Field of View (AFOV). By setting the focus-adjustment ring on a lens such that a focused image is formed at different working distances, differently sized FOVs can be obtained, since the viewing angle is held constant. AFOV is typically specified as the full angle (in degrees) associated with the horizontal, vertical or diagonal dimension of the sensor with the specified optical format.

Sensors are also essential when it comes to choosing the right camera. Manufacturers use different types of sensor technology, and understanding their features is key when selecting equipment that best meets your needs.

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Focal length = the distance from the subject to the lens + the distance from the lens to the camera sensor. You also need to understand if your lens is concave ...

A camera sensor is a silicon-based chip that records light data captured through the lens. Instead of using film to record an image, digital cameras use this sensor to convert data into a digital file.

The Working Distance (WD) is specified as the distance from the sample to the front of the lens. Most camera lenses have a specified minimum working distance, which is the minimum distance (between the sample and the front of the lens) at which the lens is capable of forming a focused image.

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The focal length of a lens defines the lens’s AFOV. For a given sensor size, the shorter the focal length, the wider the angular field of view of the lens. All else being the same, a lens with a longer focal length will reduce the FOV, producing an image that appears magnified when displayed. Additionally, the shorter the focal length of the lens, the shorter the distance needed to obtain the same FOV compared to a longer focal length lens.

Understanding camera sensors can be daunting at first, but it is essential knowledge for any photographer. Knowing the different sensor sizes, their impact on image quality, and how to choose the right one for your needs can help you make the best decision for your photography. With this guide, you are now more informed and empowered to find the perfect camera and sensor for your needs.

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When capturing an image using a film camera, the shutter opens, exposing the film to light. The film would record the light, turning it into a photographic image. So with the switch to digital technology, the role of the film is taken over by a sensor. This guide will break down the differences between various digital camera sensor types and sizes, and explain how they affect your photography.

Optical Magnification = Sensor Dimension / FOV dimension {this applies to Horizontal, Vertical and Diagonal dimensions. One may also apply the reciprocal of this “scaling factor” when estimating, for example, how the pixel dimensions of the image sensor map to the corresponding dimensions in the sample plane}.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll demystify the world of camera sensors, starting with the basics and exploring how sensor type and size impact your photography. Read on for tips and guidance that will help you make the right decisions when choosing a new camera.

Although cylindrical image-sensor tubes have been replaced with rectangular image sensor chips, the naming conventions for the Optical Formats of camera lenses remain a legacy of TV history. 1” optical format lenses are associated with rectangular image sensor with 16mm diagonals; 2/3″ optical format lenses are associated with rectangular image sensor with 11mm diagonals; 1/2″ optical formats are associated with rectangular image sensor with 8mm diagonals, and so on.

There are two main kinds of sensors — CCD (charge-coupled device) and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor). CCD sensors were used for years in the early days of digital photography, as they offered superior quality to CMOS with better noise control and higher dynamic range. They are still used today in some budget compact and medium format cameras, but they have largely been replaced in the market by CMOS sensors as the technology improved over time. CMOS sensors are the industry standard today, as they work more efficiently than CCD, have better low-light performance, cost less, and work better for high-speed capture.

But first, a note about color. Unlike film, digital sensors record light in monochrome. Because of this, camera sensors use a color filter placed over each pixel which allows the sensor to display colors and accurately represent the scene. The color of each pixel is determined by the frequency of the light wave that passes through the filter.

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Even though Optical Formats are specified in inches, for example 4/3″ or 1″, it is best to think of Optical Formats as category names, and not as dimensions! Notice, for example that a 1″ Optical Format corresponds to an image with a nominal diameter of 16mm and not 25.4mm. This has to do with the history of TV cameras and lenses, dating back to the 1960s. In that era, cameras were based on long, cylindrical image-sensor tubes. A standard image-sensor tube with a 1″ diameter yoke had a circular image sensitive area with a 16mm diameter. Since it was expensive to manufacture distortion-free lenses of a larger size than absolutely necessary, lens manufacturers standardized on cost-effective designs described as 1″ format lenses that formed their images on a 16mm diameter circular image-sensitive area.

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Since larger lenses are typically more expensive, one generally tries to find a lens that is an exact match to the Optical Format of the imager. In the case of an imager for which a matched format lens may not be readily available, it is acceptable to use a lens with an optical format that is slightly higher than that of of the imager. A lens with a larger optical format may be used with an image sensor of a smaller format, although the converse is not true. If the lens area underfills the image sensor area, the corners of the image rectangle may be darkened, as shown in the sketch below. This is an image artifact that is known as “vignetting”.

Each sensor consists of millions of light-sensitive pixels, or photosites, which are very small areas made up of a photosensitive material that converts incoming light into electrical signals. The number and size of the pixels on a camera’s sensor determine how much detail is captured when taking a photo. This data is then processed by the camera to create an image.

The Lens Specifications Table offers a convenient way to select lenses, filtered by Optical Format and Focal Length. AFOV data is available for the “native” optical format of the lens and also, if available from the manufacturer, for smaller optical formats. Other useful data, such as Optical Resolution, physical dimensions, filter diameter & thread and estimated FOVs for Minimum WD are provided for the lenses.

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At its simplest, a camera sensor is a device that captures light, converting it into an electronic signal. This signal is then processed by the camera to create an image. But what does this mean for you as a photographer? Understanding how sensors work helps you appreciate their importance in creating high-quality images.

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As you can see, there are quite a few different sensor sizes available. But what does this mean for your photography? In addition to the resolution of your image, sensor size also affects your camera’s low-light capability, image quality, depth of field, and your angle of view. Let’s explore each of these concepts.

Think about how you will be using your camera and what type of images you want to capture. If you need superior image quality for commercial work, then a full-frame or medium format camera would be best. If you’re just starting out and want something more affordable, then an APS-C or micro four thirds system would be a great choice.

The Field of View (FOV) of a camera and lens is a measure of the spatial dimensions that the camera and lens can include in an acquired image. It is correctly specified in terms of the angle between the two edges of the camera image. In inspection applications, it is common practice to think of a dimensional FOV size – the width, height, or diagonal of the imaging field at a specific distance away from the camera.

The estimated performance of specific camera and lens combinations are shown on this page. Please contact us for assistance in finding the combination that best suits the requirements of your application.

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The size of the sensor a camera uses can have a big impact on the quality of your images. The most popular types available today are full frame (or 35mm), APS-C (or crop sensor), and Micro Four Thirds. Here’s an overview of each, plus a few additional sizes and the types of cameras they are used for.

Since camera lenses have a fixed AFOV, the Horizontal and Vertical dimensions of the FOV increase with the Working Distance. This means that as WD increases, a larger H x V sample area is mapped onto the H x V dimensions of the image sensor . Magnification is defined as the “scaling factor” in this mapping process from the sample plane to the imager plane:

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Keep in mind that sensor sizes are not standardized across the different brands, so the dimensions of a full frame, APS-C, or other size sensor will vary from one manufacturer to the next.

When choosing the right sensor size for your photography needs, there are several factors to consider. Are you a professional photographer who needs maximum image quality or an amateur who is just starting out and wants something more affordable? Do you need the low-light performance of a full frame sensor or are you more focused on street photography and need the discreet nature of a micro four thirds camera? Do you need the shallow depth of field offered by larger sensors or are you more focused on landscape photography where a wider angle of view is important? Answering these questions will help you decide which sensor size is best for your needs.

Minimum WDs for most lenses are in the range of 100mm~1000mm. As an example, the minimum WD for the DO-5095 lens shown above is specified to be 600mm. The text “0.6m” is stamped on the focus ring indicating that when the focus ring is rotated to this position, the lens is set to its minimum WD=600mm.

Optical Formats are useful in matching lenses to cameras. The goal is to ensure that the circular output image of a lens (shown in light green in the sketch below) is large enough to fully circumscribe the rectangular format of an image sensor, just slightly overfilling the active imaging area.

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Are you in the market for a new camera or looking to learn more about the equipment you already own? If so, understanding camera sensors is essential. Even if you’re a seasoned photographer, mastering the basics of sensor technology can help you make better choices when selecting new equipment.