2. Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction - The Star Garden - diffraction vs reflection

 2024-08-13 06:55:26

False magnification is when the power of the eyepieces employed pushes the maximum useful magnification above 1,000 times the numerical aperture (N.A). For example, you can achieve 1,000x magnification by using a 40x/0.65 N.A with 25x eyepieces. However, the total magnification of 1,000x exceeds the value of 0.65 N.A multiplied by 1,000 (1000 x 0.65 = 650).

High powerobjective lens

Empty claims - false magnification or is it the other way round? We have all visited microscopy websites that advertise "1,600x" or '2,000x" compound microscopes and "90x" stereo microscopes, but what they are really advertising is Empty or False magnification that is mostly useless.

Scanningobjective lens

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Lu, P.-H.; Yao, X.-F.; Lin, Y.-C.; Hsiao, P.-F. Comparing a Low-Fluence Picosecond 1064 nm Nd:YAG Laser with a 532 nm Nd:YAG Laser for the Treatment of Pigmented Lesions in Chinese Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. Cosmetics 2024, 11, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11030089

Abstract: The use of low-fluence picosecond (LFPS) 1064 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers, referred to as laser toning, is increasingly acknowledged as an effective treatment for pigmentation disorders in the Asian skin phenotype. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis on the effectiveness and safety of utilizing LFPS 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers against picosecond 532 nm Nd:YAG lasers in treating pigmented lesions among Chinese patients. A retrospective photographic analysis and chart reviews were performed on 31 subjects exhibiting Fitzpatrick skin types III–VI who underwent LFPS 1064 nm Nd:YAG or picosecond 532 nm Nd:YAG treatments at a single tertiary center. Utilizing VISIA Complexion Analysis, comparative photographs were taken. Two independent physicians evaluated treatment efficacy using a visual analog scale (VAS) to assess the percentage of pigmentary clearance in standard photographs. Solar lentigines were the most prevalent pigmentary disorder, followed by post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), nevus zygomaticus, melasma, freckles, and nevus of Ota. The clinical effectiveness of picosecond 532 nm and LFPS 1064 nm laser treatments proved comparable for lesions on the face, with mean VAS scores of 2.2 ± 1.1 and 1.8 ± 0.8, respectively. There were two cases of PIH in the picosecond 532 nm group, which resolved within one month. Overall, the LFPS 1064 nm laser demonstrates promise as a safe and efficient therapeutic modality for managing pigmented lesions in Chinese patients. Keywords: picosecond; Nd:YAG laser; laser toning; pigmentary disorders

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

Low powerobjective lens

Lu, Po-Hsuan, Xiao-Feng Yao, Yang-Chih Lin, and Pa-Fan Hsiao. 2024. "Comparing a Low-Fluence Picosecond 1064 nm Nd:YAG Laser with a 532 nm Nd:YAG Laser for the Treatment of Pigmented Lesions in Chinese Patients: A Retrospective Analysis" Cosmetics 11, no. 3: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11030089

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

What is the magnification of the objective lensused for

Anyone looking to buy a microscope knows, or quickly learns, that the total magnification of a microscope is arrived at through the simple expedient of multiplying the power of the objective lens by that of the eyepiece. So a 10x objective plus a 10x eyepiece = 100x magnification. And a 100x objective lens with 20x eyepieces = 2,000x magnification - right?

OK! Now use a 100x objective lens with an N.A of 1.25 and 10x eyepieces. You achieve the same level of 1,000x magnification. The difference is that not only do you achieve higher magnification, but you also benefit from improved resolution. In other words, you can see materially better details in the image. Why? Because you have not exceeded the maximum useful magnification of 1000 x N.A, which in this example is 1000 times 1.25 N.A (1.25 x 1,000 = 1,250).

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

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What is the magnification of theocularlens

Lu P-H, Yao X-F, Lin Y-C, Hsiao P-F. Comparing a Low-Fluence Picosecond 1064 nm Nd:YAG Laser with a 532 nm Nd:YAG Laser for the Treatment of Pigmented Lesions in Chinese Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. Cosmetics. 2024; 11(3):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11030089

What is theshortestobjectivecalled

The important thing to note about Table 1 is that the higher power eyepieces (15x, 20x and 25x) do not operate effectively in combination with the higher power objective lenses. In other words, it is meaningless to advertise a high power, compound microscope as "2,000x Magnification" since it does not work. In reality, standard, light microscopes are designed for a maximum of 1,000x magnification....so, please - don't waste your money on claims of higher magnification via higher power eyepieces.

What is the magnification of the objective lensexplain

What is objective lensin microscope

Lu, P. -H., Yao, X. -F., Lin, Y. -C., & Hsiao, P. -F. (2024). Comparing a Low-Fluence Picosecond 1064 nm Nd:YAG Laser with a 532 nm Nd:YAG Laser for the Treatment of Pigmented Lesions in Chinese Patients: A Retrospective Analysis. Cosmetics, 11(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11030089

* These two objective/eyepiece combinations fall below the Minimum Useful Magnification range. This is usually set at 500 times N.A. However, it is highly arbitrary and all our microscopes operate effectively with 10x eyepieces and both 4x and 10x objective lenses.

If you were to use a microscope camera with the two different objective lens/eyepiece combinations, you would see an even greater difference in clarity and detail between the two solutions.

As a result, while your image will be magnified 1,000 times, it will yield no further useful information or finer resolution of detail. Quite the contrary, you will likely experience significant to severe degradation in resolution. The image becomes blurry in much the same way as when you try to zoom in on a webpage. It gets bigger, but there is no improvement in the resolution; no improvement in the amount of detail you can see. To quote Nikon, "In fact, excessive magnification introduces artifacts, diffraction boundaries, and halos into the image that obscure specimen features and complicate the interpretation of visual observations.

So why do you need higher power eyepieces. Typically, you do not and you should not be bamboozled into paying extra for microscopes with additional eyepieces unless you have a specific requirement to isolate something in the field of view. For example, you may wish to measure an specific element in a smaller field of view using a reticule. In other words, there are some applications that may warrant higher power eyepieces. For general purpose use, however, they are at best not required and at worst, a waste of money. With that in mind, we sell just one microscope, the OM88, with additional 16x eyepieces. This is a popular microscope with doctors and clinics and the 16x eyepieces operate at the maximum useful magnification for the 40x objective lens.

Having read this far, it should come as no surprise to know that every compound microscope is designed and sold with 10x eyepieces as the standard benchmark. There is minimal benefit in using higher power eyepieces and considerable disadvantages. As if this were not enough, there are very few and rarefied applications in light microscopy that actually warrant higher magnification than 1,000x. By the same token, over 90% of stereo or low power applications employ magnifications of less than 45x.