In fact, a Gaussian beam has the smallest possible (diffraction limited) BPP, which can be interpreted as the highest possible beam quality. During propagation ...

You can select a camera with the optimal number of pixels by considering pixel resolution as the criteria for pass/fail judgment.

Most of the time, VUV monochromators are preferred when equipped with master gratings. But unfortunately, such gratings are extremely expensive and have a long delivery time.

Your application requirements dictate the appropriate resolution. As a basic rule, you should choose a camera based on the size of the field of view and pixel resolution. The FOV size is based on the area you want to capture for inspection, and it can be manipulated by using different lenses. Pixel resolution refers to the ratio between the screen size and pixel count per dimensional axis, and it’s very application-dependent. Precise measurement applications require higher pixel resolution compared to presence-check applications, and this factor is usually calculated per application.

However, monochrome cameras do have some advantages over color. For dimension measurement using a backlight, as shown left, monochrome cameras are ideal as there is a large contrast change. Furthermore, since color cameras use a Bayer filter (where each pixel is dependent on the neighboring pixels to get the full color information), they are generally less accurate than monochrome cameras for dimensional type measurements using edges.

Chromatic aberration is a type of distortion in which the lens fails to focus all colors on the same convergence point, due to the dispersion of the lens (different refractive index of the lens for different wavelengths of light).

Zebramachine vision

One common question when selecting a camera type is whether to use a color or monochrome type. Generally speaking, if the differences at the sensing points are detected based on hue, the color cameras may have an advantage. The following shows an example of using color processing to detect a yellow stain on a white base, which is not easily detectable by a monochrome camera.

The spectroscopic images can be improved by using toroidal gratings. A toroidal grating is a form of an elliptic paraboloid with different vertical and horizontal focal distances. It reduces the stretching and the curvature of astigmatism.

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A master grating is an original unit recorded as a unique piece. A master grating can be utilized as the “mother” of multiples copies, called replicas.

Spherically shaped lenses and mirrors share this problem. Parallel light rays that pass through the central region focus farther away than those that pass through the edges. The result is many focal points, which produces a blurry image.

In order to limit the number of reflections onto optics, concave gratings are often used as single element in VUV spectrometers.

Compact cameras are reduced in size, but are equipped with the same specifications as larger-sized cameras. Standard and high-resolution (2MP) compact types are available in color or monochrome. Compact types are primarily selected to efficiently use limited installation space. Particularly in cases where machine vision is to be installed in the available space of an existing facility, it is beneficial to use compact cameras to fit in a limited area without changing the machinery.

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The design of VUV instruments suffers from the constraints of VUV optical materials. Transmission through bulk materials is limited to λ < 105 nm, the short wavelength transmission is limited of LiF or λ < 115 nm for MgF2. Reflective configuration is used in a VUV optical layout. However, reflectance from metal surfaces also decreases at short wavelengths. Several coating materials are introduced to increase reflectivity, such as Al, Os, Pt, Au, Rh and Ir. Above 120 nm, the main broadband reflector for VUV wavelengths is Al with MgF2 coating, having a normal incidence reflectivity of up to 90% under certain conditions. Os, Pt, Au, and Ir have a reflectance of about 60% from 5-200 nm in grazing configuration.

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Selecting compact cameras based on the known required installation space can prevent unnecessary changes to the production machine.

The camera type is a key element to be selected for image processing to ensure stable inspection. The below quick reference chart provides a summary of the different camera types that are available. [Step 1] Select by appearance: how many pixels will satisfy the required accuracy? [Step 2] Select by transmission speed: select high-speed type when you need high-speed or more stable processing. [Step 3] Select by camera size: select a compact type when installation space is limited. [Step 4] Select by CCD type (color/monochrome): select a color camera when you want to recognize changes in hue.

Sep 1, 2022 — The blazed grating, also known as the echelette grating, is a specific form of reflective or transmission diffraction grating designed to ...

At normal incidence (zero order, λ3), the aberration is minimum and image is straight. But closer the images are from the grating, more stretched and curved are their images. This stretching can be severe, depends on the position of the image on the Rowland circle and hence of the observed wavelength. It results in both loss of signal and loss of resolution, especially in spectrograph mode when CCD detectors are used.

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Monochromatic aberrations are caused by the geometry of the lens and occur both when light is reflected and when it is refracted. Monochromatic aberrations include spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and field curvature and image distortion.

An industrial machine vision camera is designed to “see” and understand images like humans do. However, unlike typical machine vision cameras used for small businesses and shops, cameras for industrial applications are more robust and can withstand harsh environmental conditions. Additionally, industrial machine vision cameras can capture a higher number of images per second and send that data directly to the machine vision system for processing. These types of cameras comprise two scanning technologies: line scan (1D) and area scan (2D) cameras. The difference lies in how these capture images, making them suitable for different applications. KEYENCE’s vision systems, like the CV-X Series, are equipped with high-resolution area scan cameras capable of capturing detailed images at high speeds. These cameras are designed specifically for industrial use and can easily handle the demands of factories, ensuring quality and improved efficiency.

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Thanks to their high adaptability and compatibility with various software and hardware systems, machine vision cameras have plenty to offer in terms of versatility and use across multiple applications. For example, the same camera used for inspecting part surfaces or checking for missing components can also be used for robotic guidance in the automotive industry. Likewise, thermal imaging cameras used in industrial baking can also be used in electronics diagnostics when checking for shorts and faults that produce excessive heat. A prime example of this is the VS Series, which can handle a considerable range of inspections and also has an industry first zoom function called ZoomTrax. The camera's ease of use and simple setup make it a valuable asset.

Cognexcamera

The optimization of the image correction of gratings can be calculated for a better image quality on the optical axis of the instrument (monochromator layout) or on a focal plane (spectrograph layout). In the last case, the optimization enlarges the focal plane, the grating of the spectrograph works in fixed position and the wavelength range selection is achieved by sliding the detector in the focal plane of the instrument. The correction is excellent in both cases.

Some aberration affects the images due to off axis rays. The image of a spot looks like several cylinders not centered, like an image of a “comet”, where its name comes from.

An optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate in two perpendicular planes have different focal points.

Zebracamera

A significant space-saving can be achieved by using a combination of a compact camera and a side view attachment in cases where a space of 215 mm 8.46″ cannot be provided. Installation space is only 45 mm 1.77″ (A + B).

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Distortion is the most easily recognized aberration as it deforms the image as whole. It arises from the unequal magnification of the peripheral part of a lens (or a mirror) from that of its central part. In “barrel distortion,” image magnification decreases with distance from the optical axis. In “pincushion distortion,” image magnification increases with the distance from the optical axis.

Machine vision applications can be roughly divided into four categories—quantity/count inspections, foreign matter/defect inspections, dimension inspections, and position inspections—with each type used in a variety of industries. This section introduces various tips for selecting a camera that appropriately suits the purpose.

The realization of a real VUV monograph has to be done without a toroidal grating. The Plane Grating Spectrograph (PGS) configuration is one of the best choices. The PGS layout operates with a toroid mirror and a plane grating working at a grazing angle. It also has the advantage of being more affordable grating as they have a plane design.

An optical aberration is a departure of the performance of an optical system from the predictions of paraxial optics. In the existence of an optical aberration, light from one point of an object does not converge into (or does not diverge from) a single point after transmission through the system. Optical aberrations fall into two classes: monochromatic and chromatic.

* 1 during use CV-X400 Series and CV-X200 Series + CA-EC80HX / EC80L * 2 When using CV-X100 Series or CV-X200 Series + CA-EC80

The image sensor (CCD or CMOS) used in a vision camera is an aggregate of small pixels arranged in a grid. Standard type image sensors commonly have 310000 pixels (640 × 480) while high-resolution types can have anywhere from 2 to 21 megapixels. The application requirements will dictate the type of camera that is suitable. As a general rule, select a camera based on the size of the field of view and the pixel resolution. The size of the field of view is the area captured on an inspection target, which can be changed by the lens used. The pixel resolution means how many millimeters each pixel is equal to, and the relationship is expressed by the following equation. Pixel resolution = Size of field of view in the Y direction (mm) ÷ sensor pixel count in the Y direction For an example of pixel resolution, a 30 mm 1.18″ field of view in the Y direction will be used. The image sensor types that will be used in this example are the 310000-pixel standard model (Y = 480 pixels) and the general-purpose 2-megapixel high-resolution model (Y = 1200 pixels). [Pixel resolution of a 310000-pixel camera] = 30 mm 1.18″ / 480 pixels = 0.063 mm 0.002″/pixel [Pixel resolution of a 2-megapixel camera] = 30 mm 1.18″ / 1200 pixels = 0.025 mm 0.001″/pixel If the desired pixel resolution is known for the application, the same equation can be used to calculate the approximate field of view the camera will provide. Appearance inspection and dimension inspection are typical applications for machine vision. When performing pass/fail judgment, detection capability is considered for appearance inspections, and dimensional tolerance is considered for dimensional inspections. The following general principles can be applied as reference for calculation: Detection capability = 4 pixel area Dimensional tolerance = ±5 pixels Using the pixel resolution calculated above, the detection capability for appearance inspection can be obtained. [Detection capability of a 310000-pixel camera] = 0.063 mm 0.002″/pixel × 4 pixel area = 0.25 mm 0.01″ area [Detection capability of a 2-megapixel camera] = 0.025 mm 0.001″/pixel × 4 pixel area = 0.1 mm 0.004″ area Based on these calculations, if the inspection requires detection of foreign particles that are as small as 0.1 mm 0.004″ with a field of view of 30 mm 1.18″, a camera with a resolution of 2MP or more is needed.

A VLS grating is one whose grooves, when projected onto the tangent plane, form a set of straight parallel lines whose spacing varies from groove to groove. Varying the groove spacing across the surface of the grating moves the tangential focal curve, while keeping the grooves straight and parallel keeps the sagittal focal curve fixed. It corrects for spherical aberration associated with conventional spherical gratings. The VLS technique can also be applied on toroidal grating for an optimum correction.

In cases like this, when there is little difference in brightness, the contrast difference with the background is so slight that a monochrome camera is less likely to provide correct detection. Picture (2) shows that internally, the contrast between yellow and white is clearly detected with the color camera. Picture (3) shows a contrast image obtained by using the stain inspection tool. This shows that stable detection is available for actual inspections using color processing.

Dec 21, 2021 — Depth of field refers the range of distance that appears acceptably sharp. Learn how to adjust your camera settings to utilize this ...

Unfortunately, gratings suffer from the aberrations of concave mirrors and others due to their diffraction capabilities. Working in the Rowland conditions definitively limits the imaging quality of the instruments. The major aberration here is astigmatism. This aberration can be tolerated with a monochromator since only horizontal focusing is required to separate the wavelengths of spectrum.

Cameras used in machine vision can have different image transfer speeds even when the pixel counts are the same. Using a 310000-pixel type as an example, standard models offer a transmission time of 16.0 ms while high-speed models can achieve a transmission time of 1.7 ms. Even higher speeds can be achieved via a partial capture function. High-speed cameras are not only effective for fast production lines, but they are advantageous for normal speed applications as there is more processing time available for image filtering and tools that can stabilize the inspection.

Machine vision cameraRaspberry Pi

Industrial machine vision cameras differ significantly from typical network cameras. Network cameras are mostly used in residential and commercial settings for surveillance and security purposes. As such, they’re often capturing compressed images, which reduces the amount of data the system has to process and store, often impacting image quality. Industrial machine vision cameras work on a fundamentally different principle compared to standard cameras. They often rely on laser scanners, 3D-image capturing, blackbody radiation, and multispectral technologies for capturing images, and they’re capable of capturing images at extreme framerates. KEYENCE’s industrial and customizable vision systems, like the XG-X Series, allow for flexibility and control in image capturing, analysis, and processing.

GigEVision camera

A Rowland demonstrated that the dispersed spectrum of an illuminated point lying on a circle is focused on this circle, if the following setup is respected (see figure). A lot of VUV monochromators use this design.

Two basic types of spectrographs and monochromators are used in the VUV: normal incidence instruments a better design for 100-400 nm, and grazing incidence instruments for 2-100 nm.

Machine vision applications can be roughly divided into four categories—quantity/count inspections, foreign matter/defect inspections, dimension inspections, and position inspections—with each type used in a variety of industries. This section introduces various tips for selecting a camera that appropriately suits the purpose.

The factors for selecting an industrial machine vision camera depend on your application. If your machine vision system measures component dimensions and alignment, you should consider all the factors associated with laser scanners. However, if your manufacturing process requires precise temperature measurements, you should opt for an infrared camera. Generally, factors you want to consider are resolution, type of image sensor, image transfer speed, and camera size. More specific factors depend on the specific needs of your particular application. e.g., quality control machine vision cameras in electronics require higher precision than those used in simple presence/absence checks. KEYENCE’s range of machine vision cameras offers a variety of resolutions, image sensors, and transfer speeds to meet different demands. From the VS Series to the RB Series, each system and/or camera is designed to provide high-speed, high-resolution imaging for various industrial applications. They come in compact sizes, making them easy to integrate into existing production lines without taking up too much space.

Enhance your inspection stability with our guide on selecting industrial machine vision cameras. Optimize the performance of your vision systems.

S: Spot source (or slit of the instrument) λ3: Zero order position λ1, λ2: Dispersed wavelength positions λ1> λ2 i: incidence angle r: reflectance angle

Aberration leads to blurring of the image produced by an image-forming optical system. Makers of optical instruments need to correct optical systems to compensate for aberration.