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Now consider the LRO reflector is only a tenth the size of the Apollo 11 reflector, and it is attached to a fast-moving target that is, on average, 384,400 km (238,900 miles) from Earth.

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There is no set formula to eliminate the veiling effect on a shiny surface. We can, however, change or improve the angle in order to obtain the desired effect in terms of reflection of light.

Laser reflectoron Moon

“That’s why despite several attempts over the last decade NASA Goddard scientists had been unable to reach LRO’s reflector,” the press release continues.

For the first time, researchers at NASA, in collaboration with French colleagues, succeeded in reflecting a laser beam launched from Earth off a spacecraft orbiting the moon. To understand the importance of this result, we need to look at the history of using laser beams to survey the moon.

In the video below, John Brueger, who managed development of the Laser Ranging Retroreflector, discusses how the experiment came to be and explains in detail how it works.

Specular reflection depends on the type of surface used. To manage veiling reflections appropriately, install luminaires in a strategic fashion. Go through a trial-and-error process before finding the perfect location to improve the reflection of light.

“As we accumulate returns in different geometry and configurations, but mostly improve the statistics with more passes, we will be able to perform a detailed quantitative study to ascertain the possible degradation of the surface [laser retro-reflector arrays] due to dust deposition,” they write.

The open-access paper, published in Earth, Planets and Space, is “First two-way laser ranging to a lunar orbiter: infrared observations from the Grasse station to LRO’s retro-reflector array” (DOI: 10.1186/s40623-020-01243-w).

Specular reflection rarely occurs in nature, but rather in man-made spaces. Still waters are an example of nature’s ability to produce this type of reflection.

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Some experts suspect dust is the cause of the reduced efficiency, potentially having settled on the reflectors over time. However, proving this hypothesis requires an accurate reflection from the moon to Earth by which to compare.

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Specular reflection, also known as veiling reflection, is light reflection from an object or task that obscures details. It is a vital concept in the field of lighting.

We often use the words such as foot-candle, lumen, and lux to measure light. Here is a brief reference to help you understand how to measure your lighting needs for various applications.

LED luminaires are designed for minimum maintenance of the lighting system. Reduced luminaire maintenance creates a contradiction, since its longevity may then be reduced by loss of light due to the accumulation of dust over time.

You can learn about several of LRO’s achievements in the video below, which was made to celebrate its 10th anniversary last year.

Thus, a counter crafted from a material that reflects a large number of incident beams might reflect the light source almost perfectly and create a form of blinding ‘spot’ lighting effect. On the other hand, a dull or matte finish that absorbs most light beams, or an irregular surface that reflects light beams in an irregular fashion, might diffuse light. This light would lose its brightness, however.

Specular reflection exerts an effect on our perception of objects. In fact, the beam that shoots through the specular reflection penetrates the surface it touched by barely half a wavelength. Along this course, the color of the reflected beam is identical to that of the incident beam.

Test results of lumen maintenance (useful life of a light source) in conventional and LED light sources differ considerably. This is known as the Lumen Maintenance Gap.

If you would like to learn more about specular reflection or veiling reflections, don’t hesitate to contact one of our experts!

Light reflects on a surface known as specular surface (similar to that of a mirror) at the angle of incidence. It is further reflected at a similar angle.

The primary goal of LRO was to make a 3D map of the moon’s surface from lunar polar orbit to aid in future human and robotic missions to the moon. However, once its initial mission ended in September 2010, NASA extended the goals of LRO to continue lunar science and exploration.

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During the “space race” between Russia and the United States in the 1950s–1970s, the Apollo missions were not just about landing humans on the moon. The Apollo astronauts conducted numerous science experiments as well, including studies of lunar soil, dust, and wind and studies on the moon’s gravitational acceleration.

The rover, which launched on July 30, is expected to land on Mars in February 2021. And once it does, Perseverance will seek signs of ancient microbial life and collect rock and soil samples for possible return to Earth.

Just consider the difficulties associated with hitting the moon-based reflectors. “Thus, what begins as a light beam that’s about 10 feet, or a few meters, wide on the ground can spread out to more than 1 mile, or 2 kilometers, by the time it reaches the Moon’s surface, and much wider when it bounces back. That translates to a one-in-25-million chance that a photon launched from Earth will reach the Apollo 11 reflector,” a NASA press release reports.

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Specular reflection is a type of surface reflectance often described as a mirror-like reflection of light from the surface. In specular reflection, the incident light is reflected into a single outgoing direction.

Each beamsplitter reflects a standard laser line incident at 45° while efficiently passing the longer Raman-shifted wavelengths.

On September 4, 2018, and again on August 23 and 24, 2019, the researchers successfully reflected and recorded infrared laser light from LRO for the first time. The recorded light was minimal—only about 200 photons out of the tens of thousands of pulses cast at LRO—so it could not resolve the dust question. However, the fact they succeeded in reflecting light back at all gives the researchers hope of improving the process and helps them prepare new attempts.

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Compared to previous attempts that used a laser beam in the visible green wavelength of light, “Grasse is capable of laser ranging at 1064 nm wavelength [infrared] with single photon detection, which has been proven to be more advantageous than 532 nm [green light],” they write in an open-access paper on the experiment.

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Let us look at under-counter lighting in a kitchen that illuminates a shiny surface. When taking the type of surface as well as the backsplash into account, lighting experts recommend that the light source be placed at the front of the cupboard, angled toward the back wall in order to create more diffuse and greater illumination of the work surface.

The type of surface on which it is reflected, as well as the position of the light source, affect the secondary beam. For instance, consider when light falls on an uneven or irregular surface such as an unpolished or ragged surface. The absorption effect is higher because it reduces the reflected light beam’s strength. To produce specular reflection, surface irregularities need to be smaller than the length of the beam’s radiation, such as in the case of polished metal, glass, plastic or transparent liquid surfaces. On a “perfect” surface, the angle of beam radiation is equivalent to that of the incident radiation.

Of course, placing new reflectors on the moon would help resolve the dust question as well. And NASA plans to do so—they funded a set of Next-Generation Lunar Retroreflectors as part of the agency’s Artemis lunar program.

[Image above] A photograph showing the laser-ranging facility at the Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory in Greenbelt, Md. Here, scientists are using the visible green wavelength of light for tracking. The Lunar Laser Ranging station in Grasse, France, developed a new technique that uses infrared light instead. Credit: NASA

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In all the excitement over Perseverance, another piece of space news published last week slipped by without much fanfare. But in terms of immediate science impact, this news is far more exciting than the launch of another rover.

A beam of light that comes to rest on a surface may be reflected in several ways. The beam alters its course once it hits certain types of surfaces. The reflection of light exists in many types indeed. However, the lighting layout designer must always consider specular reflection.

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When LRO launched in conjunction with the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite in June 2009, it was the first U.S. mission to the moon in more than 10 years.

When the light source is installed at the back of the cupboard, the work space does not receive as much light. The angle of incidence is far more evident.

Officially termed the Laser Ranging Retroreflector experiment, the experiment consists of five reflecting panels on the moon off which scientists based on Earth reflect laser beams. The time it takes the laser beam to reach the reflectors on the moon and travel back tells scientists about the moon’s orbit and distance from Earth but also about more unusual moon properties, such as the fact the moon has a fluid outer core.

Unlike other instruments, the reflectors do not require power to operate, which is why they are still in use today. However, the efficiency at which they reflect laser beams back to Earth has diminished noticeably over the past 50 years.

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However, when a ray of light meets an object, its beams do not all go through the occurrence of specular reflection at a reflection angle that is equal to the incident beam. A number of these beams randomly reflect in multiple directions. This is what is known as diffuse reflection of light.

In 2018, NASA researchers collaborated with scientists at the Lunar Laser Ranging station in Grasse, France, to see if the Grasse facility would be more successful in reflecting a laser off LRO.

Among the many sophisticated instruments LRO carries is a small, book-size reflector mounted on top of the spacecraft. The reflector was included so scientists could reflect a laser beam from the moon back to Earth and compare results to values obtained from the moon-based reflectors.