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LED prices have fallen steadily over the past five years or so, with most dimmable LED floodlight options settling in the $5 to $8 price range and some available for even less. That's great since swapping in an LED floodlight for a 65-watt incandescent floodlight will knock an average of about $7 per year off your power bill. That means it won't take long at all for any of these LEDs to pay for themselves in energy savings.

The "30" part refers to the diameter of the bulb in eighths of an inch. At 30 eighths of an inch, a typical BR30 bulb will be just shy of 4 inches wide.

PA Wayman · 1952 — Abstract. It is shown that a two-plate aplanatic optical system with a single spherical mirror can be designed to give good images over a considerable fiel.

An entirely new product that uses white or RGB LED Strip to provide soft, ambient, indirect illumination for decorative and architectural applications.

Given how many durable options you have for $7 or less, I don't think you should spend any more than that per bulb without good reason. Keep an eye out for multipacks: Manufacturers use them to help bring down the cost per bulb, so they can make for an especially good deal if you need a bunch of bulbs anyway.

Typically used in overhead, recessed lighting setups, BR30 floodlights are designed to cast a wide pool of bright illumination in a single direction.

A BR30 bulb is a specific type of floodlight and one of the most common. The "BR" bit stands for bulging reflector, which means the light source inside of the bulb sits over a metallic, reflective bowl that bounces all the downcast light back up and straight out the top. Like the name also suggests, the top of the bulb typically bulges outward, which helps put out a fairly wide pool of illumination -- perfect for a security light or indoor floodlights. It's the same trick your car's headlights use to light up the road in front of you as you drive at night.

Transmission electronmicroscopy

All of that said, the most important thing isn't what I think when I'm taking readings in our lighting lab -- it's what you and your family think after screwing the bulbs in and turning them on in your living room or other area. As I said, LEDs like these are designed to be durable and waterproof and last years, so it's well worth buying ones that you'll actually like living with. You've got a lot of good options these days, so there's really no need to compromise. I'm just here to help you find those "just right" bulbs a bit faster -- or more efficiently, you might say.

I've tested several LED floodlights over the years, including brand-name options from the likes of Cree, GE, Sylvania and Philips, as well as store-brand bulbs from Walmart, Target and Amazon. I honed in on dimmable, soft white-toned, 65-watt replacement LEDs since those are the most popular option, but if you want something nondimmable or daylight-tinted for your outdoor light fixtures, you'll find bulbs like those in the lighting aisle too.

Fluorescence microscopy is done with an optical microscope that uses a mercury arch lamp as a source of UV light. The microscope will also comprise excitation filter, dichromatic mirror and an emission filter. Fluorescence, used to observe the specimen, begins where a molecule absorbs light of high frequency and emits light of lower frequency. Fluorescence microscopy uses reflected light. In a fluorescence microscope the light source travels in a different trajectory than in the basic light microscope. An advantage of fluourescence microscopy is that it can be used to detect and visualise multiple fluorescent molecules e.g. cells glowing as they are doing their work. iOLight sell a microscope for mobile digital fluorescence microscopy, which is also great for field microscopy uses.

First, a little about me: I'm not a lighting engineer, but I've tested and reviewed light bulbs for CNET for over five years now. That includes hundreds of hours in our homemade lighting lab -- a climate-controlled room equipped with a spectrometer and an integrating sphere that lets us run the most scientific and accurate light bulb tests we can possibly run. I've also visited and written features about major North American lighting manufacturers such as Cree and GE to get a better understanding of their methods and standards. This is one of numerous LED buying guides and roundups that I try to update as often as possible.

This new floodlight LED from Sylvania isn't available outside of California yet, but it's efficient, putting out 93.7 lumens per watt. It'll be one of the next bulbs I review.

Differential interference contrastmicroscopy

The BR30 floodlight LEDs from Philips match Cree's outstanding and durable 10-year warranty. They're also super bright, a bit more efficient and a bit better at heat dissipation than Cree. They don't flicker or buzz on dimmer switches and they get warmer and more candle-like in tone as you dim them down, which some will appreciate. On top of all that, they're less expensive than Cree at about $4.50 per bulb.

CNET’s expert staff reviews and rates dozens of new products and services each month, building on more than a quarter century of expertise.

Type of microscope

Just keep in mind that, except for Lifx bulbs, which communicate using Wi-Fi, all of these smart lights require a Zigbee hub that can translate the bulb's signals into something your router can understand. Hue bulbs require the Philips Hue Bridge, an Amazon Echo Plus or a second-gen Echo Show. Those three can all control Sengled and Sylvania bulbs too, as can other Zigbee controllers like the SmartThings Hub.

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After countless hours spent testing floodlights in CNET's lighting lab, the Cree 65W Replacement Floodlight LED emerged as our Editors' Choice for the best LED floodlight. It's brighter than advertised (and super bright compared with most of the competition), it's energy-efficient enough to pay for itself in energy savings within a year and it'll work with a dimmer switch without flickering or buzzing. Best of all, Cree's LED bulb comes with a category-leading 10-year warranty to back up the 22.8-year life span. These light bulbs are seriously great for either an indoor floodlight or an outdoor space.

That's a great pitch for anyone who doesn't have dimmer switches but still wants to be able to dim the lights for movie night or illumination for late-night trips to the bathroom. The bulb also aced pretty much every one of our tests and with a power draw of just 8 watts (or a lot less if you're running it on the nightlight setting), it'll still save you money over the long run despite the higher-than-average entry cost.

Beyond that, you could always smarten up any of the dumb bulbs recommended in this post by pairing them with a smart switch that's wired into your wall. If you've got a bank of floodlight bulbs overhead that are all wired to one switch, smartening up one switch instead of several bulbs might be the better way to go, anyway. The best I've tested is still the Lutron Caseta line of smart switches, but keep an eye out this year for new, relatively low-cost smart switches from GE.

Dark field microscopy

ioLight has invented a portable microscope, with a resolution of better than 1μm, which produces beautiful pictures of animal and plant cells and displays them directly onto your tablet or mobile phone.

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Some light bulbs are better than others at making colors look accurate and vivid -- but few of today's LEDs do as good a job with color quality as the GE Reveal line of light bulbs, which make color quality the main point of focus.

Dark fieldscattering spectroscopy

Enabling this option configures vibration reduction to minimize blur at the focus point active when the shutter is released. ... a Z mount lens with built-in ...

Remember, you're going to live with these super bright LED lights every day for a long time. So it's worth getting a bulb type that you like and avoiding the ones that'll annoy you.

Their light output isn't quite as bright as Cree and they won't last as long, but those tradeoffs are fair at this price -- especially given that each energy-efficient GE Basic LED will pay for itself in energy savings in less than six months if you're upgrading your outdoor security lights or indoor LED floodlights from incandescent bulbs.

The principal focal length of a converging lens may be determined by forming an image of a very distant object on a screen and measuring the distance from the ...

The majority of smart bulbs are the common A-shaped bulb type, but you've got a growing number of floodlight options, too. Lifx and Philips Hue are probably the two most notable names here. Each offers smart floodlights that change colors and work with all of the major voice platforms (Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant), but both are expensive. Want something cheaper? Look for white-light floodlight options from names such as Sylvania and Sengled that cost $10 per bulb or less.

If you need to replace a bunch of floodlights and you want to keep the cost as low as possible, then put the GE Basic floodlight LED at the top of your list. Available in a six- or 12-pack at Lowe's for around $4 per bulb, it's one of the lighting aisle's best values. Don't let the Basic branding fool you -- these bulbs are energy efficient, fully dimmable, durable and they manage heat surprisingly well.

This type of microscope was developed in response to drawbacks with fluorescence microscopes (principally that they use high intensity UV light which means the samples are continuously exposed to it, causing photo bleaching and blurring in some samples). Two major modifications were made to address this downside: use of laser light instead of mercury arch lamp and images taken using a digital camera with a pin hole. The pin hole functions to allow light of only one focal plane to be focused on the digital camera. A laser beam focused and scanned over the sample produces 3D and 2D images therewith.

CNET’s expert staff reviews and rates dozens of new products and services each month, building on more than a quarter century of expertise.

DIC creates contrast in a specimen by creating a high-resolution image of a thin optical section. With differential interference contrast microscopy, two closely spaced parallel rays are generated and made to interfere after passing through an unstained sample. The background is made dark and the interference pattern is particularly sharp at boundaries. Specimens will appear really bright in contrast to the dark background.

Fluorescence microscope

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So why don't they get the top spot? It's honestly neck and neck, but to my eye, Cree offers a slight uptick in color quality, and if you want the full 10-year warranty, you'll have to register your bulbs -- otherwise, you only get five years of coverage. In addition, the Philips bulb's lumen output topped out at a too-low average of 92% of its actual brightness on the dimmer switches I tested it with. That undercuts the brightness and efficiency selling points to a small extent. But make no mistake, this bright light is still a terrific choice for almost everyone.

Unfortunately, there's a big issue. As with most lighting, there are many options on the market. Plenty of LED floodlight manufacturers are out there, and it can be difficult to tell which ones are good, apart from bog-standard bulbs that may lack brightness or the particular color temperature you need. If you have a smart home system and you want to add something a little extra for the holidays, you’ll want to make sure your new smart light is compatible with what you’ve already got installed

Need to buy a bunch? Start with one, keep the receipt and make sure you like the quality of light and the way it dims in your home before going all in. Most major retailers are pretty accommodating with light bulb returns, so it's fine and sensible to try one or two out before committing to the next decade or more of in-home lighting.

Dark field vs bright field microscopy: Bright field microscopy uses the most basic and the common type of optical microscope. Bright field microscopes usually have many components and the light sources used are either a halogen lamp or LED. This type of microscope tends to have low contrast owning to the biological samples transmitting most of the light. Staining if often required to combat this problem, which comes with the disadvantage that live imaging is difficult due to staining killing the cells. Dark field microscopy is generally preferred therefore over light field. With a dark field microscope a special aperture is used to focus incident light meaning the background stays dark. The light does not pass directly through the sample being studied. Instead light is reflected off the specimen, making it appear to be emitting light. Brightfield microscopy shows clear magnification while the dark field image shows minute details.

I've tested several GE Reveal bulbs over the years and they always deliver on their promise of better-looking colors. The latest BR30-shaped bright light wide beam floodlight versions, now available in a two-pack at stores such as Lowe's and Target, are no exception. Unlike previous-gen GE Reveal bulbs, which filtered out excess yellow light, these new versions achieve better-looking colors by boosting the product's ability to render reds, a longtime LED sticking point. It works -- and it also means that the bulbs are both super bright and more efficient than before, making them ideal outdoor floodlights if you're looking for a better outdoor security light.

Smart bulbs are a great choice if you're picky about dimming. With bulb-specific dimming hardware built right in, most smart bulbs will dim with flawless, flicker- and buzz-free precision via their app or through some other integration like an Amazon Alexa voice command. You won't need to use dimmer switches associated with those light fixtures at all. You might need to teach your kids to leave the switch up so your automations will work as planned, but there are new solutions for that age-old problem coming out this year, too.

The light microscope, or optical microscope, is a microscope that uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images. These days there are many complex designs of them which have been developed with the aim of improving resolution and sample contrast.

A polarising microscope is an optical microscope composed of a detector, lenses and polarising filters. Its process includes illumination of the sample with polarised light and is useful for better visualisation and understanding of birefringent materials (materials that have two different refractive indices). This microscope is operated through the use of a polarized filter can be turned and fixed in the light path beneath the specimen, usually below the stage. This particular device is known for its anti-reflective properties which is deemed essential for deep analysis of an isotropic particles that requires high integrity of light transmission.

We load each bulb we test into the center of our integrating sphere -- a big, hollow ball with special, reflective paint coating the inside. Our spectrometer peeks in through a tiny hole in the side of the sphere, with a "baffle" that blocks it from looking directly at the light bulb. Instead, the bulb's light bounces around inside, which lets our spectrometer take reliable, calibrated measurements for things like brightness and color temperature.

I think that about covers it, but if you want to know more about the bulbs I tested for this roundup, here they all are:

Need to illuminate outdoor areas or dark indoor spaces such as garages or basements? Check out the best LED floodlight bulbs from well-known brands like GE and Philips.

Once a bulb we're testing is done in the lab, we take a close look at things like light spread, tone and color quality. Our photo and video team (Tyler Lizenby, Chris Monroe and Vanessa Salas here in Louisville) are a huge help at this point, with standardized photography that lets us take a really close look at those metrics. They're also just really damned good at taking pictures of light bulbs.

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We've tested the top options on the market to find the best LED floodlight bulbs for your home. Whether you’re after a budget bulb, security lighting or energy-saving models to keep down the electricity bill, we've found top picks to meet your needs.

Need advice about outdoor security, solar lights and outdoor lighting? Read about how to convert your yard lighting to outdoor LED lighting or an outdoor floodlight. Or about our favorite outdoor security cameras.

ETTINGER GmbH is based in Hofolding near Munich and has been supplying an extensive range of mechanical components for electronics production for over 60 years.

We log those brightness measurements every 10 minutes for 90 minutes, then take a final reading at the end. At that point, I plug the sphere's power cord into a variety of dimmer switches, then measure for the average maximum and minimum settings across all of them while also keeping a close lookout for flicker or buzz.

It's always important to have good lighting, but some spaces require a little extra -- and that's why you should have an LED floodlight bulb. To name a few places that would benefit from one: your porch, driveway, yard, garage, basement, etc. The LED floodlight bulbs provide better security outside your home, allowing you to see more clearly outside in the dark. Furthermore, a bright light is sure to deter trespassers from entering your space, especially when paired with a good security camera. Plus, you typically get a 10-year warranty with your new bulb, so you won't have to replace them for a long time.

Lightfield microscopy

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Phase contrastmicroscopy

As for my tests themselves, feast your eyes on my data. Up first, the results of that heat dissipation test I mentioned a few times earlier. This isn't ranking the brightness of each product, but rather the percentage of initial brightness each bulb lost during the test as they heated up. The higher each bulb finishes, the stronger the result.

Phase contrast microscopes were invented to combat the problem of live cell study with a bright field microscope. Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique in which phase shift is converted into change in amplitude/intensity of light. The phase shifts when light travels through dense medium and its velocity decreases, concurrently there is a shift in the phase. When the two waves meet at a certain point it will result in a destructive interference, decreasing amplitude and thereby density. Phase contrast microscopy is useful for looking at specimens that are both colourless and transparent.

No matter what you pick, you'll want to look for a durable bulb that puts out at least 650 lumens of brightness from a power draw of 10 watts or less. I'd also advise sticking with a product that offers an average lifespan of at least 10 years and a warranty of at least five years if possible.

It's a relatively pricey illumination option at $8 each, but the Philips SceneSwitch Floodlight LED is actually three bulbs in one: A yellowy, soft white bulb, a bright white, daylight bulb and a dimmed-down nightlight. Want to change between the three? Just switch the bulb off and then back on again within a few seconds. Leave it off longer than that and it'll turn back on to the setting you left it at when you return.

Fluorescence microscopy is done with an optical microscope that uses a mercury arch lamp as a source of UV light. The microscope will also comprise excitation filter, dichromatic mirror and an emission filter. Fluorescence, used to observe the specimen, begins where a molecule absorbs light of high frequency and emits light of lower frequency. Fluorescence microscopy uses reflected light. In a fluorescence microscope the light source travels in a different trajectory than in the basic light microscope. An advantage of fluourescence microscopy is that it can be used to detect and visualise multiple fluorescent molecules e.g. cells glowing as they are doing their work. iOLight sell a microscope for mobile digital fluorescence microscopy, which is also great for field microscopy uses.