Both errors can primarily be corrected by sophisticatedly combining several lenses and using aspheric lenses. The technical effort required for the correction is also reflected by the lens prices.

The reasons for astigmatism in case of oblique rays of light are the different local curvature radii of the latitudinal circles compared to the larger constant curvature radius of the meridional plane on the lens surface. The results are two different focal points and focal lengths for the different (meridional and sagittal) partial optical paths.

The first group is made up of AR coatings that target one or more broad wavelength bands. Our BARC coatings are examples of this group.

This high efficiency broadband anti-reflective (AR) coating reflects less than 0.5% average from 425-675nm. Higher performance specifications are also available. Standard & custom coatings are available for refractive indices of 1.46-1.90.

This narrow band anti-reflective (AR) is an excellent coating for targeting a single wavelength or very narrow band of wavelengths at or near 1550nm. Standard < 0.25% and high performance < 0.05% reflectivity specifications are available.

Opticalaberration

If a collimated ray ("parallel" light) incides on a lens not in parallel but at an angle to the optical axis, the ray will pass through the optic system in an unsymmetrical way due to different surface curvatures. In case of this imaging error, the rays are not bundled again in one image point. The focal points are therefore also not on the optical axis, but shifted towards the margin. In the image this error is visible as a drop-shaped, tail-like unilateral distortion of an image spot. The tail is always outwards in radial direction. Coma is caused by spherical aberration.

This broadband anti-reflective (AR) coating provides a low level of reflectance across a wide spectrum from 400-1100nm, reflecting less than 1.0% average. Standard and custom coatings are available for refractive indices of 1.46 to 1.90.

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This Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) Anti-Reflective (AR) coating provides a low level of reflectance for the far-infrared spectrum (8µm to 12µm). Band averaged reflectance is less than 1.0% at normal incidence.

Lensastigmatism

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Often, our customers need a custom Anti-Reflective (AR) coating that is tailored to meet their specific requirements. The ZC&R Coatings for Optics division of Abrisa Technologies has developed thousands of Anti-Reflective (AR) coatings to fulfill such needs. If you have a custom Anti-Reflective (AR) requirement just let us know, and we will be happy to submit a design curve for your review.

This broadband anti-reflective (AR) coating is particularly designed for telecommunication applications. It provides a low level of reflectance to less than 0.25% average from 1450-1650nm. Standard & custom coatings are available for refractive indices of 1.46-1.90.

This narrow band anti-reflective (AR) is an excellent coating for targeting a single wavelength or very narrow band of wavelengths. Standard < 0.25% and high performance < 0.05% reflectivity specifications are available.

These Anti-Reflective (AR) coatings are all dielectric, single or multi-layers, and are designed for low reflectance and high transmittance in the UV, visible, and near IR spectral bands. AR coatings meet the requirements of MIL-C-675C, MIL-C-14806A, and MIL-C-48497A. AR Coatings are often crucial components in optical systems with multiple lenses or other optics where the maximum possible light energy is needed. AR coatings help to produce brighter images while reducing the intensity of ghost images which may otherwise be produced in optical systems having multiple reflecting surfaces.

Opticallens

This broadband anti-reflective (AR) coating is particularly designed for the ultra-violet (UV) region. It provides a low level of reflectance less than 0.5% average from 275-425nm. Standard & custom coatings are available for refractive indices of 1.46-1.90.

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The image spot is no longer a dot, but reproduced in the form of two lines. It no longer seems to be sharp, but dotless. The camera image is not sharply focused for the viewer. This error can be suppressed by means of special lens types.

The user has the possibility to suppress this error by stopping down. The resulting artificial vignetting avoids rays inciding unsymmetrically on the lens close to the edge. Good lenses can avoid this error by means of a clever lens design.

If a diverging ray of light incides vertically on the lens surface and thus passes unsymmetrically to the optical axis, astigmatism occurs on spherical lens surfaces.

Field curvature

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Both image errors systemically appear on the regularly curved surfaces of spherical lenses and cannot be avoided in the first place. Coma is caused by obliquely inciding parallel rays of light on a spherical lens, astigmatism is caused by obliquely inciding diverging rays of light on the spherical surface.

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For easier examination, the inherently cone-shaped beam can be divided into two planes perpendicular to each other. (Both are approximately oriented towards the main beam which passes through the centre of the aperture, the meridional beam extends towards the optical axis, the sagittal beam is at right angles to it.)

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This Mid Wave Infrared (MWIR) Anti-Reflective (AR) coating provides a low level of reflectance for the mid-infrared spectrum (3000nm to 5000nm). Band averaged reflectance is less than 1.0% at normal incidence.

A typical size for a CCD pixel is in the order of magnitude of 10 by 10 µm. The number of pixels for currently available CCD sensors and line-scan cameras is in ...