Now for a real throwback, we have film cameras. Film cameras tend to make the photographer more considered, measured and deliberate in their image-making since the image will be a physical image and not just a digital one.

X Series: XF27mmF2.8 R WR, XF33mmF1.4 R LM WR, XF35mmF2 R WR GFX System: GF45mmF2.8 R WR, GF55mmF1.7 R WR, GF80mmF1.7 R WR

Put another way: to achieve a 50mm equivalent focal length with an X Series camera, you need to attach XF33mmF1.4 R LM WR, whereas to do so with a GFX System camera you need to attach GF63mmF2.8 R WR.

Hopefully by now you have a good idea of what focal length is, how it affects angle of view, and indeed how it can best be utilized. But even with this knowledge, it can still be hard to decide which focal length is best for you.

Because prime lenses only utilize one focal length, they require fewer internal lens elements and there is no space taken up by complicated zoom mechanisms. This means in some cases they can be smaller, lighter and faster. Additionally, with less glass for the light to travel through, some offer higher image quality.

The extremely popular 35mm analog film cameras all used the same-size opening, which measured 36x24mm. Using this size as a benchmark, the 35mm equivalent focal length is calculated depending on how many times bigger or smaller the sensor in question is. This difference in size is often referred to as ‘crop factor’.

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Ultra wide-angle lenses are lenses with an equivalent focal length of less than 24mm. With such a wide angle of view, these lenses allow you to fit an astonishing amount of your scene into the frame. However, this can bring with it a certain amount of distortion. As such, these lenses are usually reserved for more specialist uses, such as close-up sports and action, point of view (POV), grand interiors, or extremely large scenes such as the night sky.

A mid-telephoto lens is a lens with an equivalent focal length between 70mm and 135mm. Mid-telephoto lenses are particularly favored by portrait photographers because of their flattering angle of view. Additionally, higher magnification allows photographers to stay an unobtrusive distance from their subject for more natural results. It also helps to create beautiful, blurred backgrounds that ensure subjects stand out in the frame.

However, only one focal length can be restrictive when out in the field, which means you would need to carry a selection of prime lenses with you to achieve the versatility of a zoom. Not only can this be cumbersome, it can also be time-consuming having to change between lenses.

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Although the mirrorless camera is perhaps the successor and thus the better camera type to the DSLR, the range of accessories and lenses available for mirrorless cameras is far less extensive. However, this is likely to change in the not-too-distant future.

The X-Trans CMOS sensor has a crop factor of 1.5. GFX System’s sensor has a crop factor of 0.79 (see Table 1). By multiplying the focal length of the lens by the crop factor of the sensor it’s compatible with, you can work out the lens’s 35mm equivalent.

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Between 35mm and 70mm Angle of view: Between 63° and 34° Great for: Documentary, street, portrait, landscape, travel Not so great for: Wildlife, sports, architecture, interiors

Depth of field

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A super telephoto lens is a lens with an equivalent focal length of over 400mm. With such a high magnification, these lenses are perfectly suited to framing scenes that are impossible to get close to. Examples might be an animal hunting in the wild, a player scoring at the opposite end of a sports field, or the moon in the night sky.

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Aperture

Film cameras compare very well to the quality and high resolution of modern digital cameras; however, given that there is no digital feedback, you won’t know if you’ve exposed or focused correctly until you develop the photos. These cameras are definitely more geared toward experience photographers. Nevertheless, they provide a great option as compared to the more modern advanced cameras of today.

DSLR stands for digital single lens reflex. They’re versatility for many types of photography and the production of very high-quality results makes them perhaps the most popular cameras for both professionals and amateurs on the market currently.

Action cameras have been made famous by GoPro. They are typically smaller and allow you to mount the camera to things such as helmets, wrists, you body, vehicles or clothing. Thus, they have become very popular among extreme sports enthusiasts and make photography possible from perspectives and angles previously not thought possible.

In that situation, you may wish to consider a zoom lens instead of a prime lens because a zoom lens combines lots of different focal lengths options into one.

Compact cameras, also known as point-and-shoot cameras, as designed to be smaller and easy to use, and thus are usually more targeted to the casual photographer.

Photo 2023 © Bryan Minear | FUJIFILM X-T4 and FUJINON XF150-600mmF5.6-8 R LM OIS WR, 1/300 sec at F8, ISO 160 | Focal length: 900mm equivalent

Learn more by exploring the rest of our Fundamentals of Photography series, or browse all the content on Exposure Center for education, inspiration, and insight from the world of photography.

Medium format cameras can be both film and digital and provide the highest quality image you can produce from any of the cameras on this list.

Although the shooting process is much slower given the poorer autofocus performance and lower burst speeds, the image quality and resolution is incredible and second to none. This makes the medium format camera the most popular choice for professional photographers.

The 35mm equivalent focal length – often referred to as equivalent focal length, 35mm equivalent, or equivalence – is a way of standardizing focal lengths across all sensor sizes.

If you’re looking for something that tends to sit between DSLR and compact cameras, the bridge camera is right for you. A bridge camera gives the level of control and ergonomics that you’ll get with a DSLR but the convenience of a compact camera.

Now you understand the basic principles of focal length and angle of view – and how one affects the other – it’s time to make things a little more complicated.

Focus distance

For example, many zoom lenses transcend the focal length categories outlined above, meaning they can be just as good for landscape and architecture as they are for portraits and even wildlife.

Similar to many action cameras, there is no screen to preview or see the image you’ve taken. They can certainly be considered a specialist type of camera and thus offer very little versatility. But, they are also ideal for first-person photography and are very affordable.

A telephoto lens is a lens with an equivalent focal length between 135mm and 400mm. A higher magnification allows you to frame a scene from a distance, which is useful when you want to document a moment without influencing it. They are also excellent for picking out specific details from wider scenes and, by compressing perspective, they can create remarkable separation between a portrait subject and their background.

Part of the reason for the aforementioned versatility is the wide range of different types of lenses and other accessories that are available for DSLRs. Once you purchase the camera, you can add on to your camera with lenses that range from telephoto zoom lenses for shooting live sporting events or wildlife to what is known as a portrait prime lens, which is useful for shooting images in low light, among many other options. DSLRs are useful for shooting just about anything and everything.

To make this easier to navigate, focal lengths are generally split into categories depending on their angle of view, from 8mm ultra wide-angle lenses to super telephoto lenses of more than 1800mm.

Wide-angle lenses are lenses with an equivalent focal length of between 24mm and 35mm. They offer a wide angle of view that makes it possible to fit a large amount into the frame, while avoiding the distortion of perspective that can be experienced with ultra wide-angle lenses. This balance makes them a firm favorite for photographers who want to frame sprawling panoramas, towering skyscrapers, or tight interiors. They are also excellent for erratically moving subjects.

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Focal lengths can vary dramatically. This has a huge impact on how a scene is framed and a subject is depicted. Different focal lengths are better suited to different genres and situations.

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Over 400mm Angle of view: Less than 6° Great for: Sport, wildlife, astro Not so great for: Architecture, interiors, street, documentary

Although these cameras do allow for still photography, they are more useful for video. But if you are looking for something affordable, waterproof and that can be mounted just about anywhere or anything and provide some of the most incredibly immersive first-person perspective photography, the action camera is for you.

Furthermore, modern zoom lenses are very similar in size and quality to their prime counterparts. Check out XF16-80mmF4 R OIS WR, XF18-120mmF4 LM PZ WR, and XF70-300mmF4-5.6 R LM OIS WR from the XF Lens lineup.

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Photo 2022 © Karen Hutton | FUJIFILM X-H2 and FUJINON XF100-400mmF4.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, 1/125 sec at F18, ISO 800 | Created at 150mm (35mm equivalent)

There are other advantages such as silent shooting, autofocus that can track objects, burst shooting, multiple focus modes, HD recording, HDMI video output, accelerated shutter speed modes, among many others.

Instant cameras, also known as Polaroid cameras, are perhaps a bit out of place in the digital world we live in, but that is partly what makes them still an interesting option for some. With instant cameras, you get to actually watch your picture appear in front of your eyes and then you have the physical print in your hands. A real throwback to photography’s rich history. They provide an easy and fun way to practice photography.

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Focal length (35mm equivalent): Between 24mm and 35mm Angle of view: Between 84° and 63° Great for: Landscape, astro, architecture, interiors, action, group portraits Not so great for: Individual portraits, wildlife

F-number

Before digital camera sensors were introduced, a camera would work by positioning a piece of photographic film over a shuttered opening, then releasing the spring-mounted shutter to let light through and make an exposure (learn more about the exposure process in our article about mirrorless cameras here).

A standard or normal lens is a lens with an equivalent focal length of between 35mm and 70mm, adopting an angle of view close to that of the human eye. This focal length is favored by documentary and street photographers because it achieves the most true-to-life depiction of the scene at hand. Such a natural angle of view means standard lenses are extremely versatile and, as such, can lend themselves to a variety of genres.

Photo 2022 © Karen Hutton | FUJIFILM X-H2 and FUJINON XF100-400mmF4.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, 1/6900 sec at F13, ISO 250 | Created at 559mm (35mm equivalent)

For most photographers, focal length is the first thing to consider when choosing a lens as it has a direct relationship with the angle of view, which affects how much of your scene is visible in the frame, and indeed the magnification of your subject.

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Focal length camera

As you can see from Figure 2, while the focal length and angle of view remain the same in both cases, the field of view changes considerably with the size of the sensor.

Photo 2023 © Marisa Kraft | FUJIFILM X-S20 and FUJINON XF8-16mmF2.8 R LM WR, 1/2000 sec at F2.8, ISO 100 | Created at 17mm (35mm equivalent)

Since these cameras are old-school, there are a huge number of accessories and lenses available for them. Many times, they are second hand, and thus tend to be cheaper.

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As you can see from Figure 1, a shorter focal length creates a wider angle of view, which means the subject appears smaller in the resulting image. Conversely, a longer focal length creates a narrower angle of view, which means the subject appears larger in the image.

Some of these cameras are simple point-and-shoot cameras or action cameras that are waterproof, both of which we’ve already mentioned previously. However, there are more advanced underwater camera types that are specifically designed for scuba divers to take them down to lower depths to capture images of sea animals and shipwrecks. Thus, they also sometimes come with a lighting ring, given that it gets pretty dark down there while exploring the final frontier.

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Less than 24mm Angle of view: More than 84° Great for: Action, interior, astro Not so great for: Portrait, wildlife, documentary

Next on the list of popular camera types is the underwater camera. These vary in size, shape and price greatly, but as you might imagine, provide some quite impressive photos since they allow you to take photos underwater.

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Therefore, going back to our earlier example, XF50mmF2 R WR has an equivalent focal length of approximately 75mm, while GF50mmF3.5 R LM WR has an equivalent focal length of approximately 40mm.

They are equipped with two incredibly wide-angle lenses that face opposite directions. The footage is then put together inside the device, which gives a complete field of view, then you can choose your angle later during the editing process.

Focal length

As rays of light pass through the lens, there is a point at which they converge. Focal length is the distance in millimeters between this point of convergence and the sensor or photographic film of the camera it is attached to.

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These cameras, given they are meant to be used for action shots, provide remarkable levels of image-stabilisation, far more advanced than the most expensive DSLR or mirrorless camera. Many, of course, are also waterproof, making them ideal for underwater imaging or sticking on the end of your surfboard, for example.

Next on the list is the 360-degree camera and as the name suggests, these cameras allow for the taking of a 360-degree image with the click of a button.

Although it has more features and is more reminiscent to a DSLR, you cannot change lenses. But, there is no mirror, similar to a mirrorless camera, thus this gives you some of the advantages that a mirrorless camera presents such as silent shooting, focus magnification, live histograms, etc.

After reading that alone, you may be curious as to why anyone would choose a prime lens in the first place, but there is more to consider when choosing between the two. Read on to understand the differences between each one.

These cameras can be thought of as simplifying the photography experience, as you get many of the features of a DSLR or mirrorless camera, but also don’t have to worry about lenses and many different accessories.

Different digital cameras can have different-sized image sensors. For example, FUJIFILM X Series cameras use an APS-C sensor that measures 23.5×15.6mm, while FUJIFILM GFX System cameras use a much larger sensor measuring 43.9×32.9mm.

With the advent of smart phones, these days pretty much everyone is walking around with a fairly high-quality camera in their pockets. Nevertheless, there are a number of different types of cameras that professionals and amateurs alike can use and benefit from. They come in many shapes and sizes and are useful for many different types of photography and photographers. With that in mind, we’ll go over a range of some of the most popular cameras for photography in 2021.

Some models are less expensive than they used to be in the past but will still be as expensive as the most expensive mirrorless cameras with higher-end models even getting up to 10s of thousands of euro in price.

Photo 2022 © Karen Hutton | FUJIFILM X-H2 and FUJINON XF18-135mmF3.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, 1/160 sec at F8, ISO 1600 | Created at 165mm (35mm equivalent)

As such, a lens’s focal length is the first number you will read in the names of most lenses on the market. But what exactly is focal length, how is it calculated, and which focal lengths are best suited to which applications? In this article, we aim to answer all these questions with a complete guide to focal length.

The internal construction of zoom lenses is more complicated than prime lenses because they require additional lens elements and zoom mechanisms to accommodate the different focal lengths offered. This often makes them larger, heavier, and more expensive than prime lenses. For many photographers, that is a small price to pay for the convenience.

Photo 2023 © Michael Clark | FUJIFILM GFX100 II and FUJINON GF250mmF4 R LM OIS WR + GF1.4X TC WR, 1/2500 sec at F8, ISO 2000

This means, for example, that although FUJINON XF50mmF2 R WR (X Series) and FUJINON GF50mmF3.5 R LM WR (GFX System) lenses both share a 50mm focal length, they actually produce very different images.

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Additionally, removing the mirror makes the cameras smaller in general. Their more compact and lightweight design makes them more portable.

Photo 2022 © Karen Hutton | FUJIFILM X-H2 and FUJINON XF100-400mmF4.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, 1/2100 sec at F5.6, ISO 320 | Created at 600mm (35mm equivalent)

They are usually smaller, able to fit in a pocket, durable and generally not too expensive and have very long run times. At the expense of all the convenience, compared to DSLRs or mirrorless cameras, lenses cannot be swapped, and images are usually of lower quality.

Because they are usually more geared toward the casual photographer, there tends to be fewer features with regard to settings.

Understandably, this has the potential to become quite confusing, that’s why the photographic industry works in 35mm equivalent focal lengths.

Because zoom lenses combine many different focal lengths into one lens, photographers can enjoy versatility without having to carry multiple lenses around with them. Furthermore, selecting a different focal length is as quick and simple as twisting the zoom ring, as opposed to switching lenses altogether.

Another very popular camera type that has gained in popularity recently are mirrorless cameras. Mirrorless cameras mean basically what the name implies; they are successors to DSLRs with the optical viewfinder removed and replaced with an electronic viewfinder. This has introduced a host of features and advantages that other camera types generally don’t have, such as live histograms, zebras and focus magnification.

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Focal length (35mm equivalent): Between 70mm and 135mm Angle of view: Between 34° and 18° Great for: Portrait, macro Not so great for: Architecture, interiors

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Between 135mm and 400mm Angle of view: Between 18° and 6° Great for: Portrait, sport, wildlife Not so great for: Architecture, interiors, everyday