Finally, there are other considerations, such as perspective differences due to varying focal lengths. These are more aesthetic than technical and not in the scope of this article.

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Similar to coherence length, a smaller spectral linewidth leads to a longer coherence time. Coherence time is a crucial parameter in fields such as quantum optics, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and quantum cryptography.

Now that we have established the realm of macro photography, there are a couple of other terms that are essential in this article.

Coherence length is a measure of the distance over which a wave maintains a consistent phase relationship. In other words, it is the distance over which a wave retains its characteristic waveform before significant phase changes or wave interference occurs. In optics, coherence length is frequently used to describe the quality of light sources, such as lasers. A longer coherence length indicates that the light waves from the source are more synchronized and maintain their phase relationship over a larger distance.

For example, in the case of light-emitting diodes, the coherence time typically falls within half a picosecond, while the associated coherence length is approximately 15 microns. Conversely, a basic laser might exhibit a coherence time of roughly half a nanosecond, accompanied by a coherence length of around 15 centimeters.

Minimum working distance (MWD). This is the distance from the subject to the front of the lens barrel (excluding the lens cap if used), while the lens is set to its maximum magnification (i.e its MFD).

Minimum focusing distance (MFD). This is a lens’s construction characteristic. According to Nikon, MFD is the shortest distance at which a lens can focus. In the case of DSLR Cameras, the focus distance to the subject is measured from the focal plane mark on the camera body, not from the front of the lens. MFD is important because 1:1 or life size RR only happens at the MFD of any true macro lens.

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At some point in your photography journey you may be fascinated by pictures capturing living creatures in great detail, flowers close-up, and in general intimate vistas, which may go unnoticed in our daily viewing habits. Such shots are commonly described as macro photography.

For the examples used in this article, two macro lenses, the Tokina 35mm f2.8 and the Sigma 150mm f2.8 were mounted on a Nikon D750. This will demonstrate the MWD difference between two considerably different focal lengths (short versus long).

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To see how this big difference affects a real-world shooting scenario, the owner of a close by flower shop allowed me to use his grounds and beautiful flowers. Continue reading for more info on this.

Apart from static subjects, where you may be okay to handle a short MWD. But if at some point you want to shoot bees or other living critters, then most probably you will want a longer MWD. This will help you to not scare away your subject and also to avoid being bitten/stung by it.

The terms magnification and reproduction ratio (RR) are two ways of quantifying this definition. They describe how big the capture on the sensor is as compared with the subject you are photographing.

Additionally and importantly, a longer working distance will allow access to more light (natural or flash). You can imagine the limitations trying to introduce extra light to the 35mm setup shown above. Things will get even more cramped if you introduce closeup lenses or do lens reversal to reach even higher magnifications.

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where a smaller spectral bandwidth or a longer wavelength results in a longer coherence length. Coherence length is important in various applications, including interferometry, holography, and optical communication systems.

Let’s start with a 1:1 macro shot of an everyday item like a coin. In the photographs below the coin was shot 1:1 with both the 35mm and 150mm lenses. Rulers were placed to show the sensor size of 35.9 x 24.0 mm. The difference of a few mm is probably ruler set-up error on my part.

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The purpose of this article is to provide you with theoretical and practical insight, to help you select lenses for macro photography with focal lengths suitable for your style.

The coherence length (Lc) is related to the wavelength (λ) and the degree of spectral bandwidth (Δλ) of the wave by the formula:

However, in my experience, macro has more gear and technical considerations than other popular subjects (e.g., portrait or landscape), especially as magnification goes up. One primary point of concern is the Minimum Working Distance of the lens used (true macro or not). This will determine significantly, in my view, the ease of use of the lens and the subsequent willingness you may (or may not) show towards doing macro photography.

An important distinction has to be made between the image on the sensor and the printed image. 1cm of object captured on 1cm of sensor may appear on a typical 10x15cm print as much bigger than 1cm.

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It is important to note that not all lenses are capable of reaching 1x (1:1) magnification, even if they contain macro in their name. So it is important during your gear selection to know what is a true macro versus a marketed as a “macro” lens. This does not mean that you cannot and will not make breathtaking close-up pictures with that lens, it just means that you will only able to reach lower magnifications and RRs (e.g. a 0.25x magnification = RR of 1:4)

The actual range of resolvable frequencies of a smaller aperture is in proportion to the aperture reduction factor. In terms of MTF, CTF is given as CTF=(4/π)[ ...

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Coherence Length and Coherence Time are concepts often encountered in physics, particularly in the study of waves and quantum mechanics. They both refer to the temporal and spatial properties of waveforms and are crucial in understanding the behavior of systems involving interference and coherence.

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The purpose of this article is to practically demonstrate the difference in Minimum Working Distance between two lenses of different focal lengths, as well as some implications that arise from this difference.

Coherence time is a measure of the time duration over which a wave maintains its coherence or phase relationship. In quantum mechanics, coherence time is often associated with the duration in which a quantum system can remain in a superposition of states before decoherence sets in and the quantum properties are lost due to interactions with the environment. Coherence time is a critical factor in quantum computing and quantum information processing, where maintaining the delicate quantum states is essential for performing complex computations.

The range of signal variation (referred to as linewidth) and the coherence length, as well as coherence time, are inversely proportional.

The Collins English Dictionary defines macrophotography as: extremely close-up photography in which the image on the film is as large as, or larger than, the object. Extending this definition into the world of digital, the word “film” can be replaced by “sensor”.

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Macro photography is exciting. In the words of Roman Vishniac, “In nature every bit of life is lovely. And the more magnification we use, the more details are brought out, perfectly formed, like endless sets of boxes within boxes.”

In the case of a high-quality laser with a narrow linewidth, the coherence time could extend to about a microsecond, while the coherence length could potentially stretch up to 200 meters.

On the web, there are various tools to help calculate MWD. This is a lens and camera combination characteristic, as different cameras contribute differently to the MWD (even if minimally so). A simple graph illustrating MFD and MWD is shown below.

The supporting platform (all-important for macro photography) consisted of a SIRUI T-025X carbon-fiber tripod, a Manfrotto 410 Junior Geared Tripod Head and a Velbon Super Magnesium Slider Macro Rail. A Nikon ML-L3 remote was used to trigger the shutter to avoid adding additional vibrations.

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Coherence refers to the extent to which electromagnetic radiation retains a closely consistent phase connection, covering both temporal and spatial dimensions. The time for which coherence remains intact is referred to as coherence time. And the length that a signal could travel through a vacuum within this timeframe is denoted as the coherence length.