So, if the supply voltage is 9 V, what resistor would you need for a 20 mA current? R = (9 − 2)/0.02 A = 350Ω. For more details, and a set of online calculators, see the LED references in the Bibliography section (Hewes, 2006; Ngineering, 2003). You can also read more general background information about electricity in the Science Buddies Electricity, Magnetism, & Electromagnetism Tutorial.

Figure 3 shows you how to use Ohm's Law to calculate what size resistor you need to limit the current through the LED to the desired value. The voltage drop across the resistor will equal the supply voltage minus the voltage drop across the LED (or, VS − VL). You can then use Ohm's Law to calculate the resistance, R, needed to produce a desired current, I:

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To keep the LED current at or below the recommended operating current level, LEDs are typically connected in series with a current-limiting resistor, as shown in Figure 2. In this circuit, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the resistor. The resistor is connected in series with the anode of the LED. The cathode of the LED is connected to the negative terminal of the battery. In this case, the battery is providing 9 V to the series combination of the resistor and the LED.

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LEDmeasurement device

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The diagram explains how the starting voltage of the battery loses some value of volts to the LED bulb as it passes through, and to figure out the voltage going across the resistor you must subtract the voltage lost to the LED from the starting battery voltage.

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The voltage drop across an LED is about 2 V (except for blue or white LEDs, where the voltage drop is about 4 V). This means that 2 V is required for the LED to turn on and conduct or create a path for current. Voltage drop is defined as a loss in voltage across components in an electrical circuit. Of the 9 V available, 2 V is required to turn on the LED. That leaves 7 V to drop across the resistor. Think of the circuit as a waterfall loop. There is 9 V available at the top of the waterfall. Seven volts fall across the resistor, and 2 V fall across the LED. The current then proceeds in a loop. Using Ohm's law, the current, I, through the resistor will be V/R = 7 V/1kΩ = 7 mA.

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When current flows through the diode in the forward direction, some of the electrical energy is converted into light of a specific color (i.e., wavelength). The color of the light depends on the material from which the semiconductor is made. LEDs are available in many different colors.

Today's electronic devices such as computers, handheld video games, and MP3 players are all based on components made of materials called semiconductors. Semiconductors have properties that are intermediate between conductors and insulators. Diodes, for example, are a semiconductor device that allow current to flow in only one direction. In the forward direction, diodes act like a conductor. In the reverse direction, diodes act like an insulator.

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LEDlightintensitymeasurement unit

In this project you will make two circuits: an LED circuit and a light-to-voltage converter circuit. You will use a variety of different resistors in series with an LED to make LED circuits with smaller and larger currents. You'll use a simple light-to-voltage converter circuit to measure the output of the LED. How will LED output change with current?

A light-to-voltage converter is a square shaped sensor that has three leads coming out of it, one for ground, the middle to supply it power, and the last to output power.

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A detailed circuit diagram shows how and where each lead on the light-to-voltage converter connects to the operational amplifier and a resistor attached to the 3rd output pin to measure the voltage drop.

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As the current through the LED increases, the brightness also increases. Typically, the recommended current for an LED is 20 milliamperes (mA) or less. Above this value, the lifetime of the LED will be decreased significantly. Far above this value, the LED will fail catastrophically. Catastrophic failure can be defined as when the LED no longer emits light.

The current generated by the light-to-voltage converter is wired into a operational amplifier which produces an output voltage based on the intensity of light that hits the light-to-voltage sensor.