Now at this point, if your brain is not itching, either you are not thinking very hard about this, or like most people you just accept the explanation and move on. It's easier to do this. You simply have faith in the explanation. I am guilty of this more than most people.

As we have shown, visible light is a tiny slither of the electromagnetic spectrum that slides between Ultraviolet and Infrared light. Specifically human's and similarly animals see this form of "radiation", ie: visible light between the range of 380 to 740 nano meters (nm), at a frequency of 430 to 770 terahertz. Dogs and cats (and bees) can see beyond this which is probably why they spend the night wandering your house or howling at the moon. Isaac Newton discovered that a glass prism was able to disperse white light into a "spectrum" of different colors, which he identified as "particles" that move through a medium at different speeds. He observed that RED moved faster than violet (which is true based on the wavelength). He identified 6 and finally 7 colors (ROYGBIV) monochromatic colors (individual) colors, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet (although Newton was referring to Blue as what we consider Cyan and Indigo as to what we now call Blue !).

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Faith is an important part of science. I am not trying to be provocative with that statement, what I mean is that our understanding of many things requires us to have faith that the metric's we use are meaningful. For example, language is a construct of sounds that we somehow assigned meaning too. When I see the large yellow thing in the sky, the english in me declares "Sun", my french friends rejoice at "Le Soleil". The sound I make requires agreement that it means the large yellow thing in center of our solar system. I can not see an electron or its negative charge or the photon as it rides from the sun to my eye, I have faith that the science behind it is correct. I can not see gravity (indeed we do not understand why mass distorts spacetime), but I can quantify its affect. As technology improves we are observing that which was once considered unobservable. So it is with color, many use knowledge picked up at school or in production to help predict how a printer or a press will reproduce how ink is shot onto a substrate. I know people who can expertly create an ICC profile but do not know why we use CMY(K) and not RGB to reproduce/ print images on paper.

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ur videos and articles are wonderful.Very much impressed.Always wonder why so many billions of electrons have to rotate around nucleus and not just get attracted and annihilate.What gives them the energy to keep rotating.Space time curvature?Why dont they lose energy in these Bohr orbits?

Energy is absorbed by the "object" being bombarded, other wavelength's reflected into the eye also transfer energy. At this point we need to take a look at the visible light spectrum.

Now hopefully you noticed how the mixture of Primary Colors (light) creates the recognizable colors we use for printing, Cyan, Magenta and Yellow. This is the very basis for how we print color and how we therefore see it.

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In space, everything on the Electromagnetic Spectrum (from radio, TV, visible light, gamma rays) travels at C (ie: the Speed of light or 299792458 meters per second). The lack of a vacuum means no impediment to its travel. The 1800's was truly the first time we had any notion that there was a wide spectrum of different types of light and the beginning of the idea that instead of this "stuff" being constituted of particles or bits, they were in fact "waves" along which energy propagates. The greeks believed visible light was made of tiny bits, however this was easily disproved when someone crossed two beams of light. If indeed they were particles you would expect some of the "bits" to bump into each other as they cross (which you would see) however this does not happen. In the 1800's the study of electricity, magnetism and light converged and by the time Einstein came along, our understanding of what "light" is had exponentially evolved into what it actually is and not what we thought it was.

Hopefully someone somewhere is asking why is is called "electromagnetic" ? If you look to the diagram to the left, you can see that light waves are created by the interaction of electrical and magnetic waves. They propagate off each other and travel through space (no medium required). The Sun expels Photons as hydrogen is ionized into plasma (electrons and photons can not be merged into atoms). Photons are thus energy expelled (like exhaust fumes) from the sun as they head towards us at the speed of light. It is this expulsion of energy from the sun that creates the visible light and therefore color we see and it is electromagnetic propagation as shown in the diagram above that guides its journey.

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Green and Red light (wavelength's) we get Yellow, Green and Blue light (wavelength's) create Cyan, Red and Blue light (wavelength's) create Magenta, Mix all three lights (wavelength's) and we see White light (actually mixing two produces white also).

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If you look at the spectral gradation of color below, you can see how yellow is sandwiched between Green and Red, and that Cyan is sandwiched between Blue and Green (and Green sandwiched between Cyan and Yellow). This progression or variance in wavelength is not accidental. As the wavelength frequency changes, the physical color observed varies (red evolves into orange, into yellow and so on in reverse). However there are only three Primary Colors, Red, Green and Blue (the structure of the eye reflects this). When we mix all three Primary Colors (light) we get white (or gray based on a shift in intensity). The other colors in the spectrum are in essence variations on the Primary. We have red (which morphs into orange and yellow), green which morphs into yellow and cyan, and blue (which morphs into cyan and violet). This is a confusing idea to grasp, but there are different red's greens and blues, but they are nonetheless what they are ! This variance creates the wonderful palette of millions of combinations of color we can observe. Mixing two primary colors will always create a while light (R and G, G and B, B and R), but mixing the shades in between will NOT produce a white light ! Cyan and Yellow are not primary additive colors. Mixing these two lights will NOT produce white light.

Hopefully at this point (and yes I am guilty of oversimplifying this for the sake of understanding) you can see that visible light is made up clusters of a massless (at rest, but a photon can not actually stop, take a break and rest according to Special Relativity) elementary particle that acts as waveform called Photons. They are elementary because if we were to slice up light we kept slicing we would find that there is nothing smaller than the photon. We know that a single photon is called quantum (singular) or quanta (plural) as it contains a specific amount of energy/photon(s). Photon's are clustered or spread out in a waveform/wavelength (the physical distance over which the shape (height or valley) which repeats. This distance is measured in meters for radio waves (yes meters) and nano meters for visible light and xrays and science fiction gamma rays ! With sound waves the photons are not clustered close together and have a lower energy level (hence we don't need a lead shield sitting next to a radio). Visible light from the sun however has tighter clusters of photons and there higher energy, thus we get hot from exposure and can burn our skin without protection.

Spectral or Monochromatic Light is a pure wavelength of a specific light and there may be variances in the intensity of that light that adjust the "brightness" we observe of that specific wavelength. There are also variances of that Spectral light as the wavelength changes, so we may have variances in what we view as Red, Green or Blue. Other observed colors are mixtures of Spectral Colors (combinations of Red, Green and Blue.

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A single am radio wave can be as longer than a building (100 meters, indeed even longer) and a gamma ray can be tiny (0.00001 nano meter). Visible color wavelength is between 740 to 380 nano meters in length or at-least that is the range that our eyes can detect. The concept of a wavelength is crucial to what color is. It is the wavelength that the physical mechanics of our optical system and brain detect. Light is NOT a particle or a physical spec of "something" that we detect, it is a waveform. This is an important concept to grasp. We need to comprehend that Visible Light is the same thing as radio signals, x-ray's and gamma ray's. They only differ based on their wavelength and frequency. A question that we could ask is if this is so (that we differentiate based on the frequency and wavelength), can we define what light, radio, x-rays and gamma rays are made of ? The simple answer is that they are made made up of individual Photons (not to be confused with a Proton). Photons are elementary, they are the smallest packet's of energy that travel as a waveform, known also as a "quantum" (the plural being quanta). An easy way to imagine this is to think about currency. We have no smaller denomination that the US penny (Abe Lincolns face adorns the front). We have nothing smaller to measure our money. So a dollar is 100 penny's, thus nothing smaller to use as a measurement. So it is with the Photon, it is the smallest bundle of energy we can detect and use to define visible light or any form of radiation, whether a radio or gamma wave. The shorter the wavelength the higher the level of energy and more Photons packed together there are (and frankly danger to mere mortals). The purist should point out that my characterization of the wavelength is in fact technically wrong. The correct way to characterize the volume of photons in a single wavelength is to reference the measurable energy and NOT a volumetric reference (which is incorrect). It is wrong to consider an amount that can be counted like balls on an abacus. It is also incorrect to consider that a photon or light in anything but as an integer. There is NO such thing as half a photon.

Object's do not have an inherent color. Color is a function of light. If I turn the light off in a room or dim a light, the observed color of an object changes. Does this mean the object has no color ? Simply stated, YES. This is perhaps the greatest attribute that is misunderstood. The universe is filled with "light". There are many different types of light/energy, the vast majority of which we can not see, indeed what we can see is a wonderful rare sliver of existence that cosmologist's argue should not exist. Visible Light (and therefore color) is part the Electromagnetic Spectrum (technically radiation with different frequencies and wavelengths and therefore inherent energy (photon energy)).

Everything on the Electromagnetic Spectrum is considered a form of "radiation", differentiated by wavelength and therefore the energy it carries and emits (electromagnetic fields or electromagnetic radiation) measured using the smallest "quantum" we can use called eV or electron volts (an electron being an elementary particle). Our perception of radiation is that it is harmful, however this is only half the story. Radiation is generally Ionizing (can carry enough energy to displace electrons in an atom and are pretty dangerous to life) or Non Ionizing (can not displace electrons). Visible light is Non Ionizing as are radio waves and microwaves. We will reference this later when we examine how visible light creates a physical chemical reaction in your eye caused by the transfer of energy from the Photon that is detected by the brain.

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The difference here is in the detail. We see color in RGB, it is a function of how our vision currently works and how our brain unscrambles the wavelengths. Our physical perception of color is based on what is called an "Additive" model. With RGB it is the addition of RGB together that creates color, ie: 100% of RGB creates white, the absence of all three creates nothing (a void or if you need a color to imagine, black). Objects that occur in nature are not painted with ink or paint, so when visible light hits them, what we see back is what is left of visible light that is not absorbed by the surface of the object. Our brain is capable to determining what is missing from what is received by the eye.

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Photons however never rest (per the observer), they keep traveling forever if unimpeded (Einsteins special relativity proved this). They have no physical and measurable "mass", or "rest mass" (in the classical sense of mass. An apple in my hand has mass that we can define, measure and observe). However we can quantize the energy. Each Photon is a "packet of energy". The famous Double Split experiment showed the duality (particle-wave) of Photons (and specific elementary particles) by recording electrons (an elementary particle also) passing through 2 slits, recording their impact on a wall but also recording the famous wave interference pattern. Einstein also proved the Photoelectric effect (and won the Nobel Prize), whereby he proved that irradiating a blue light on a metal surface causes electrons to be emitted. Electrons are sub atomic particles and thus a Photon exhibits a dual wave-particle existence. This is important as we examine color next as it its the transfer of energy from the Photon than generates the chemical reaction in structure of the eye !

I just argued that light is indeed a wave, however Einstein et al also showed that light or rather Photons can behave like particles ! They can behave just as a particle does when it interacts with objects. What this means is that Photons like Electrons can be called a packet of energy (but then again, anything is a packet of energy if you think about it).

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In the world of printed color, mixing R G B ink in 100% combination would produce some dark nasty colored mess not white. It is the printed piece where it get's it difficult to comprehend what is happening. Why can't I mix Red Green and Blue to produce color ! As I just stated, mixing RGB inks together creates a dark mess not white. When I hold a green apple in my hand the surface of the apple absorbs the blue and red and bounces the remaining green wavelengths back to my eye. The green cone feeds the brain and we perceive a green apple because there are no red and blue wavelengths in the signal. With a printed piece if I draw a solid green circle on a piece of white paper with a green crayon a similar thing happens as with a green apple. Now trying to reproduce a picture more complicated than a green circle would be impossible as the more we add Red, Green and Blue pigments the darker our image would become. Visible light includes every wavelength of spectral color that we can see. With a printed piece we start with paper and add ink/ pigment, so how can one combine visible light and ink ? The answer is we can't. As you will see later, combinations of R G B light create Cyan, Magenta and Yellow ! It is this effect that we use to produce printed pieces. With this in mind, we can only work backwards with printed/ imaged color, ie: start with a white background. and mask the wavelengths that are fed into your brain via the RGB receptors. This last statement is key to understanding what color is "....we can only work backwards with printed color....".

If we look at a simplified map to the right you can hopefully see a comparison of the colors that can be observed by the human eye (additive) compared to gamuts achievable with inks and pigments from printing (subtractive). Ignoring the comparison for now, the thing to note here about the colors achieved with 3 Spectral lights (Red, Green, Blue). What we see in this gamut is that we are perceiving color based on combining different wavelengths (in different intensities).

At this point we have discovered that Light is made up of an elementary particle (without mass, but contains energy that propagates through space via electromagnetism) that behaves as a wave does, radiating at the speed of light. The difference between visible light, Xray, Gamma, sound, tv waves are the frequency of the waves and thus their physical length and energy contained within. Photons within visible light are absolute in intensity and every object that these Photons bombard experience every wavelength of light. The Photon can be measured in terms of the wavelength and energy produced for a given "state". When visible light (a wavelength of clustered photons) "hits" a piece of paper, the paper absorbs specific wavelength (and therefore energy !) and reflects other wavelength back. The wavelength and energy reflected away from the paper are picked up by the eye.

This idea to take away from the list of spectral colors that is that they can all be generally classified in terms of three colors, Red, Green and Blue (which happens to coincide with how our eye's work). There are specific Hue's that exist that are monochromatic in nature, however there are variations when we mix wavelengths. For example, when we mix;

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Varying the intensity of the light that we add creates (remember this is an additive model), creates the specific hue's in between. So with 100% intense Red light, we start to add a Green light (low intensity) we begin to see Orange. Increase the intensity of the Green to 100% and we see Yellow. We can actually do this with any combination of the three Primary Colors. Our eye's work directly (as we will examine later) with R G B light in the varying intensities (energy levels) to create the perception of color (perception as it requires our brain to unscramble correctly this mixture of data). Hopefully at this point it becomes clear that we are looking at two things that need to be grasped;

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Color is a function of visible light, visible light is literally expelled from the sun like exhaust fumes from the perennial process of nuclear fusion that provides life to this corkscrewing rock as we hurtle through the cosmos. My hope is that you appreciate what Light and therefore Color is by the end of these articles.

Spectral Colors - As I just hinted, our eye can detect specific colors identified by a specific wavelength. We call these Spectral or Monochromatic colors as they are unique and identifiable. Scientists have gone back and forth about what is on the list and the debate continues about whether or no certain colors can be considered spectral or monochromatic.

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Visible light is a magical thing, it is the medium for all observable color. Visible light contains every wavelength of color within it and does not need a substrate to weave its magic. It exists whether we see it or not. We can shine Red, Green and Blue light on a black wall and see white light ! In the world of the printed piece, white is the canvas on which we print. The white paper is basically bouncing back 100% of the visible light to the eye. When we image ink/ pigment onto a white surface we are filtering color back to the eye. Simply put, 4 color process is subterfuge, the filtering of color being reflected back to your eye by subtly overlaying combinations of CMY(and K) spots. These combinations mask RGB light from communicating with the pesky R G B cones/receptors in your eye (Nerd bomb - The receptors are not actually Red, Green and Blue, they just see the reflected wavelength and your brain unscrambles it).