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Here h is Planck’s constant and λ is the wavelength of the light and f the frequency. With the photon model, a brighter light just produces more photons per second.

There is a reason for this. Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize in 1921 in part for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Of course, Einstein did some other awesome stuff. In particular, the general and special theory of relativity. But the Nobel Prize didn’t mention this - just the photoelectric effect. However, during Einstein’s acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize, he talked about relativity and not the photoelectric effect.

Appeal to Authority: I admit that sometimes, things get confusing. In case any of my arguments don’t make any sense, I will add some opinions from experts (meaning people that know more than I do).

Prism is a solid structure consisting of three rectangular and two triangular areas or surfaces. Any two rectangular faces are the refracting surface and the third is the base.

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When a ray of light enters one refracting area or surface of a prism, it bends to the normal and when it exits from another surface it bends away from the normal. That is:

When light passes from one medium to another medium the speed of light differs as a result of which the light is refracted or the light is bent. Now as the light passes through the prism, it is refracted towards the base of the triangle.

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Just to be clear: the quantum model of stuff is just like the other models above. It slowly gives a different result from the classical model of stuff.

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Why doesdispersion of lightoccur in aprism

Ans : Prism is a transparent, homogeneous refracting material (like glass) surrounded by two inclined plane refracting surfaces at a fixed angle term as refracting angle of prism. It has two triangular bases and three rectangular lateral surfaces that are inclined toward each other.

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Ans : When a ray of light enters on one refracting surface of the prism, it bends towards the normal and when it gets out from the other refracting surface it bends away from the normal. Hence the angle thus formed between incident ray and emergent ray is called the angle of deviation.

That is still wrong, but better. However, we don’t often use the better model for the gravitational force near the surface of the Earth. Why? Because the mg model works well enough. Also, the two models agree on the surface of the Earth just like the two expressions for the proton momentum agree for “slow” speeds.

“It is high time to give up the use of the word ‘photon’, and of a bad concept which will shortly be a century old. Radiation does not consist of particles and the classical, i.e., non-quantum limit of QTR is described by Maxwell’s Equations for the EM fields, which do not involve particles.”

Whitelight prism

You have been very patient. I know you want to talk about photons, but I had to get the model stuff out of the way. But like I said, just about every introductory physics textbook talks about photons using the photoelectric effect as a basis for this model.

Light dispersion is basically the process in which white light is splitted into its constituent colours splitting into unifying colours due to the refractive index of the surface and wavelength of the light.

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My main point here is that the photon isn’t what you think it is. It isn’t a tiny little ball of light. It isn’t light as a particle. However, light is still pretty weird. There is a quantum nature to the electric and magnetic fields in light (quantum theory of radiation). But most of the stuff you look at can be explained using a classical wave model of light and a quantized model for matter.

Quantum Mechanics. I am going to skip many of the very interesting details, but let me just say that I can use the following model the behavior of a super tiny particle in a box. Here is an older post with most of the particle in a box details. Knock yourself out with that.

Dispersion of lightNotes PDF

But here is the crazy part (I know, you probably think this whole post is crazy): the photoelectric effect can be explained with a classical wave model of light along with a quantum model of matter. Really, it can. Skipping the details, let me just say (and you can look in your quantum mechanics book to verify this) that if you have a particle with energy E1 and you want it to transition to the energy level E2 you can do that by adding a time-varying potential such that:

Light scattering or dispersion occurs when white light is subdivided into various colour combinations due to refraction and Snell’s Law. White light looks white simply because it contains all the hues in the visible spectrum. Despite their proximity, the refraction index for each colour differs in non-vacuous objects. Because of these different indices, the wavelength takes a different direction.

What isdispersion of light

But then why is the photon model in textbooks? I would say it is because of educational inertia. Who writes the textbooks? If you answer “people”, then you are correct. But where do these “people” learn physics? If you said “textbooks”, that would be a fairly nice answer. So, people learn from textbooks that have photons. Next they write a textbook, so clearly they will have photons in their books. Simple.

In the article we are studying about the dispersion of light and refraction of light through prism. As a ray of white light passes through a triangular glass prism, the white light splits into a seven-coloured band on a white screen placed in front of the glass prism. This led to the discovery that white light is actually a mixture of light of seven different colours.

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That’s nice, right? Some people call this the “relativistic momentum”. However, I like to call this just plain momentum. But what does this have to do with two models for light? Well, what if I wanted to find the momentum of a proton going at just 10% the speed of light? Which model would I use? The answer depends on how quickly you want to calculate this and how accurate you want your answer to be. Yes, I know “quick” is relative.

“Is light a particle or a wave? This is a difficult question - the answer is that in some situations light behaves as a particle and in others it behaves as a wave.”

Dispersion of lightthroughprismexperiment

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My favorite quantum analogy is a staircase. For a staircase you can be on one step or the next step but you really can’t be in between steps. In this case, you could say that height is quantized. The same is true for a particle in a box or an electron in a hydrogen atom. There are only certain possible energy levels.

We always have multiple models for things that we see. However, they are different than this wave-particle model of light. Let’s look at a few other models.

Ans : Generally Dispersion is defined as the division of white light into different colours when light is passed to a prism. Light scattering depends on the length of the light. Therefore, it can be argued that the degree of deviation depends on the wavelengths. Deviation from the light path is the opposite of the normal length. White light is strongly associated with light wavelength (colour). Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, and red are the longest length while violet has a very low length.

I don’t know why, but I expect some people to not be so happy with this post. In general, people have one of the following two responses to this kind of argument.

In this article we are going to study about the dispersion of light, refraction of light through Prism. Generally the splitting of visible light into its spectrum is called the dispersion of light. Now we are going to study briefly about it.

The red light has a slight deviation and is very violet. As all long distances suffer from various deviations, when the white light passes from one to another, the different colours of light scatter, and this object of light scattering in its parts is due to refraction.

It will then say that we can model light as individual “things” (some books actually say particles and others just say photons). These light “things” have energy that depends on the wavelength such that:

When a ray of light enters on one refracting surface of the prism, it bends towards the normal and when it gets out from the other refracting surface it bends away from the normal. Hence the angle thus formed between incident ray and emergent ray is called the angle of deviation.

Does this quantum energy model agree with classical mechanics? Yes. If you looked at a tennis ball bouncing back and forth in a typical classroom, you could calculate the quantized energy levels. However, these energy levels are so close to each other that you essentially would never be able to experimentally verify that the ball can only have certain energy levels.

This is Schrodinger’s equation and Ψ is called the wave function. It doesn’t give you anything you could directly measure, but from it you could get the probability density - or a description of where a particle is likely to be found (or really, anything else you can know about the particle).

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Applicationof dispersion of light

Dispersion is defined as the phenomena of scattering of white light into its spectrum on passing through a prism is known as Dispersion. The spectrum has (Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red) in it.

Prism is a transparent, homogeneous refracting material (like glass) surrounded by two inclined plane refracting surfaces at a fixed angle term as refracting angle of prism. It has two triangular bases and three rectangular lateral surfaces that are inclined toward each other.

White light is strongly associated with light wavelength (colour). Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, and red are the longest length while violet has a very low length.

Momentum. When you start looking at momentum, it is almost always (except in the awesome textbook Matter and Interactions) defined as:

This is great. It’s simple and it’s useful. It goes great with the momentum principle that says that the net force on an object is the time rate of change of momentum. Of course, you could also say it is wrong. What if you have a proton moving at 90 percent the speed of light? In that case, you can’t use this definition of momentum with the momentum principle. Instead, you have to use this model:

“All these fifty years of conscious brooding have brought me no nearer to the answer to the question, ‘what are light quanta?’ Nowadays, every Tom, Dick, and Harry thinks he knows it, but he is mistaken.”

These are one form of Maxwell’s equations. They describe the relationship between the electric and magnetic field (well mostly the last two). If you like, you can use vector calculus on the above equations and then eliminate B to get:

Hat Tip to David Norwood. Really, it's his fault that I was thinking about this whole issue. However, he did offer some nice suggestions for this post.

2. Light as a particle: The textbook might start off with some experimental evidence from the historic photoelectric effect to show that the wave model of light doesn’t always describe what happens.

The angle between the refracting surfaces is the angle of the prism or refracting angle. The edge formed by the two refracting surfaces is the refracting edge.

Prism dispersion

Hey! That looks strangely similar to the equation for the energy of a photon. Yup. If you like, you can use light with a frequency of f to induce the transition from one energy level to another. Even better, it doesn’t matter if this transition is from a higher to lower or lower to higher energy level. This oscillating perturbation can explain both absorption AND emission of light.

But wait! There’s more. What if you use Schrodinger’s equation to look at a particle in a one dimensional box? Why would you do this? Because it is mathematically simple and because we can use it to explore some of the results of a quantum system. From Schrodinger’s equation, you would find that the particle can only exist at certain discrete energies. This is really one of the key points of quantum mechanics (it’s the quant in quantum).

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Refractionof lightthroughprism

1. Light as a wave: Light can be described (modeled) as an electromagnetic wave. In this model, a changing electric field creates a changing magnetic field. This changing magnetic field then creates a changing electric field and BOOM - you have light. Unlike many other waves (sound, water waves, waves in a football stadium), light does not need a medium to “wave” in.

Perhaps the most recent is this quote from W.E. Lamb, Jr’s paper “Anti-photon” - Lamb Jr, Willis E. "Anti-photon." Applied Physics B 60.2-3 (1995): 77-84.:

It’s in your physics textbook, go look. It says that you can either model light as an electromagnetic wave OR you can model light a stream of photons. You can’t use both models at the same time. It��’s one or the other. It says that, go look.

Generally Dispersion is defined as the division of white light into different colours when light is passed to a prism. Light scattering depends on the length of the light. Therefore, it can be argued that the degree of deviation depends on the wavelengths. Deviation from the light path is the opposite of the normal length.

Different colours in the light range have different wavelengths. Therefore, the speed at which they bend varies depending on the wavelength, in which the violet bends most, the shortest distance and the red deviates by very small angle, and has the longest wavelength.

Ans : The Angle of Deviation Mainly Depends on: The Angle of Incident falls on the first Surface. The Angle of Prism. The Refractive index of the material of the prism through which it is made up of.

What about the photoelectric effect? Well, all the results you see experimentally can be explained if the electrons in the metal can only exist at certain energy levels (quantum model of matter) and the light is a wave. Actually, some of the older quantum mechanics textbooks show this as an example problem.