Intensityunits

For even scattering, the light scattering additives must be homogeneously distributed in the end product. Therefore, first a master batch or compound in the corresponding carrier material such as PC, PS, PMMA or silicone is manufactured. This is followed by the production of the lamp profile or the light scattering film, for example, with the master batch or compound.

The half-value angle is a measure of the light diffusion. It is determined with a goniometer and defines the area in the light circle in which the lamp emits at least half of its maximum light intensity. The full light intensity is only reached exactly at the centre of the light circle. The larger the half-value angle, the stronger the light diffusion.

Intensity ofunpolarizedlightthrough polarizer

The principle of light scattering is based on the different refractive indices of the materials used. The silicone binding agent ME has a refractive index of 1.42, PMMA microbeads have a refractive index of 1.49. The higher the difference in the refractive indices, the stronger the light scattering.

Polarization formula electric field

If the amplitude of the wave entering an analyser is , after it is rotated then the amplitude will be . As intensity is proportional to amplitude squared, the intensity is proportional to . This is Malus’ law:

High purity and excellent thermal stability prevent yellowing. The narrow, controlled particle distribution and the low refractive index of 1.42 ensure a uniform light diffusion and spot coverage at low dosage levels.

Intensity of light

LED lights are used in many everyday applications. LED lamps have a high light output and a long service life. Overall, the LED lamp needs around 80% less energy than a conventional light bulb. In order to dim the glaring light of the LEDs, light profiles and LED covers with light scattering additives are produced.

Polarisation occurs only in transverse waves, it is the process of making a wave polarised by limiting oscillations to a single plane. Transverse waves usually have multiple planes of oscillation perpendicular to motion. Longitudinal waves cannot be polarised as the oscillations are already only in one plane.

Sp polarization

The amplitude will also change as the wave spreads out. Energy of a wave is proportional to amplitude squared, so intensity is also:

Intensity ofunpolarizedlightformula

The plane of polarisation of a wave can be rotated using an analyser. An analyser is placed after a polarising filter at an angle. It will then rotate the polarisation of the wave by that angle. Placed between one vertical and one horizontal filter, it will allow some light to pass through where it usually would not.

In silicone, the PMMA beads MH 3 FHD, FH 4 FHD and MH 5 FHD as well als the polystyrene microbeads MS 3 FHC and MS 5 FHC, which are temperature resistant and suitable for extrusion, are used.

Circular polarization

Polarized light

LED lights have a bright light and are dazzling. If the light is scattered, it is glare-free and provides pleasant and soft lighting. Light scattering agents cause the homogeneous scattering of the punctiform LED light.

Progressive waves transfer energy away from the source. Power is a measure of the energy transferred per unit time and intensity is the power per unit area.

Example: Plane-polarised light has an intensity of , show that the maximum intensity after passing through a polarising filter at an angle 30 to its plane of polarisation will be :

• ME series (organic microbeads based on silicone binding agents) • MH FHD series (highly cross-linked PMMA) • MS FHC series (polystyrene microbeads)

A polarising filter is used to produce plane-polarised light, some crystalline materials only allow oscillations of light in a single plane – such as Polaroid filters.