Aronson JK. Organic solvents. In: Aronson JK, ed. Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. 16th ed. Waltham, MA: Elsevier; 2016:385-389.Wang GS, Buchanan JA. Hydrocarbons. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 147.

Take the container with you to the hospital, if possible.The provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure.Tests that may be done include:Blood and urine testsBronchoscopy -- camera down the throat to see burns in the airways and lungsChest x-rayElectrocardiogram (ECG)Endoscopy -- camera down the throat to see burns in the esophagus and the stomachMedicine to treat symptomsTreatment may include:Fluids through the vein (by IV)Washing of the skin (irrigation), perhaps every few hours for several daysTube through the mouth into the stomach to wash out the stomach (gastric lavage)Surgery to remove burned skinBreathing support, including tube through the mouth into the lungs, and breathing machine (ventilator)

Matthew Weschler holds an MS degree in Physical Organic Chemistry from Florida State University. His thesis topic was picosecond laser spectroscopy, and he studied how molecules react picoseconds after being bombarded by laser light.

"Star Wars," "Star Trek," "Battlestar Galactica" — laser technology plays a pivotal role in science fiction movies and books. It's no doubt thanks to these sorts of stories that we now associate lasers with futuristic warfare and sleek spaceships.

The provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure.

There are only about 100 different kinds of atoms in the entire universe. Everything we see is made up of these 100 atoms in an unlimited number of combinations. How these atoms are arranged and bonded together determines whether the atoms make up a cup of water, a piece of metal, or the fizz that comes out of your soda can.

This simple atom consists of a nucleus (containing the protons and neutrons) and an electron cloud. It's helpful to think of the electrons in this cloud circling the nucleus in many different orbits.

Other lasers, such as diode lasers, are very weak and are used in today’s pocket laser pointers. These lasers typically emit a red beam of light that has a wavelength between 630 nm and 680 nm.

Photons, with a very specific wavelength and phase, reflect off the mirrors to travel back and forth through the lasing medium. In the process, they stimulate other electrons to make the downward energy jump and can cause the emission of more photons of the same wavelength and phase.

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It's important to note that laser pointers also emit unconverted infrared laser light, which is invisible to the human eye. Manufacturers include filters to block most of this invisible light, but it is essential to handle laser pointers responsibly and avoid pointing them at reflective surfaces or anyone's eyes.

In this article, you'll learn all about the different types of lasers, their different wavelengths and the uses to which we put them (like laser pointers). But first, let's start with the fundament­als of laser technology by explaining the basics of an atom.

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Laser pointers work through the principles of light amplification and stimulated emission. Inside a laser diode, which is designed to produce a concentrated beam, a process called light amplification occurs. This process involves exciting atoms or molecules, causing them to release photons, which are particles of light. This release of photons is known as stimulated emission, and it creates a synchronized and coherent beam of laser light.

Helium and helium-neon, HeNe, are the most common gas lasers. They have a primary output of visible red light. CO2 lasers emit energy in the far-infrared, and are used for cutting hard materials.

Your local poison control center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions.This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

There are many different types of lasers. The laser medium can be a solid, gas, liquid or semiconductor. Lasers are commonly designated by the type of lasing material employed.

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Anything that produces light — fluorescent lights, gas lanterns, incandescent bulbs — does it through the action of electrons changing orbits and releasing photons.

Swallowing such poisons can have severe effects on many parts of the body. Burns in the airway or gastrointestinal tract can lead to tissue necrosis, resulting in infection, shock, and death, even several months after the substance was first swallowed. Scars may form in these tissues leading to long-term difficulties with breathing, swallowing, and digestion.

Wang GS, Buchanan JA. Hydrocarbons. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 147.

In other words, if we apply some heat to an atom, we might expect that some of the electrons in the lower-energy orbitals would transition to higher-energy orbitals farther away from the nucleus.This is a highly simplified view of things, but it actually reflects the core idea of how atoms work in terms of lasers.

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Once the lasing medium is pumped, it contains a collection of atoms with some electrons sitting in excited levels. The excited electrons have energies greater than the more relaxed electrons. Just as the electron absorbed some amount of energy to reach this excited level, it can also release this energy. The electron can simply relax, and in turn rid itself of some energy. This emitted energy comes in the form of photons (light energy).

Reviewed by: Jesse Borke, MD, CPE, FAAEM, FACEP, Attending Physician at Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

If the person swallowed the lighter fluid, give them water or milk right away, if poison control or a provider tells you to do so. Do not give anything to drink if the person has symptoms that make it hard to swallow. These include vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness.

The harmful substances in lighter fluids are called hydrocarbons. Depending on the type of lighter, they may include:BenzeneButaneHexamineLacoleneNapthaPropane

This article is for information only. DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual poison exposure. If you or someone you are with has an exposure, call your local emergency number (such as 911), or your local poison control center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States.

This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

But what is a laser? What makes a laser beam different from the beam of a flashlight? Specifically, what makes a laser light different from other kinds of light? How are lasers classified?

A ruby laser consists of a flash tube (like you would have on a camera), a ruby rod and two mirrors (one half-silvered). The ruby rod is the lasing medium, and the flash tube pumps it.

Whenever possible, select a Class 2 laser pointer because of the lower risk of eye damage. 2) Choose red-orange lasers (633 to 650 nm wavelength, choose closer ...

Consider the illustration from the previous section. Although more modern views of the atom do not depict discrete orbits for the electrons, it can be useful to think of these orbits as the different energy levels of the atom.

Lasers are classified into four broad areas depending on the potential for causing biological damage. When you see a laser, it should be labeled with one of these four class designations:

Get medical help right away. Do not make the person throw up unless poison control or a health care provider tells you to.

Have this information ready:Person's age, weight, and conditionName of the product (and ingredients, if known)Time it was swallowedAmount swallowed

Lighter fluid is a flammable liquid found in cigarette lighters and other types of lighters. Lighter fluid poisoning occurs when someone swallows this substance.

Lasers are utilized in industry and research to do many things, including using intense laser light to excite other molecules to observe what happens to them.

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Sometimes called diode lasers, these are not solid-state lasers. These electronic devices are generally very small and use low power. They may be built into larger arrays, such as the writing source in some laser printers or CD players.

How well someone does depends on how severe their poisoning is and how quickly they receive treatment. The faster medical help is given, the better the chance for recovery.

­But lasers play a pivotal role in our everyday lives, too. The fact is, they show up in an amazing range of products and technologies. You'll find them in everything from CD players to dental drills to high-speed metal cutting mac­hines to measuring systems. Tattoo removal, hair replacement, eye surgery — they all use lasers.

To make these three properties occur takes something called stimulated emission. This does not occur in your ordinary flashlight — in a flashlight, all of the atoms release their photons randomly. In stimulated emission, photon emission is organized.

A cascade effect occurs, and soon we have propagated many, many photons of the same wavelength and phase. The mirror at one end of the laser is "half-silvered," meaning it reflects some light and lets some light through. The light that makes it through is the laser light.

Atoms are constantly in motion. They continuously vibrate, move and rotate. Even the atoms that make up the chairs that we sit in are moving around. Solids are actually in motion! Atoms can be in different states of excitation. In other words, they can have different energies. If we apply a lot of energy to an atom, it can leave what is called the ground-state energy level and go to an excited level. The level of excitation depends on the amount of energy that is applied to the atom via heat, light, or electricity.

The photon emitted has a very specific wavelength (color) that depends on the state of the electron's energy when the photon is released. Two identical atoms with electrons in identical states will release photons with identical wavelengths.

Although there are many types of lasers, all have certain essential features. In a laser, the lasing medium is “pumped” to get the atoms into an excited state. Typically, very intense flashes of light or electrical discharges pump the lasing medium and create a large collection of excited-state atoms (atoms with higher-energy electrons). It is necessary to have a large collection of atoms in the excited state for the laser to work efficiently.

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A ruby laser (depicted earlier) is a solid-state laser and emits at a wavelength of 694 nm. Other lasing mediums can be selected based on the desired emission wavelength (see table below), power needed and pulse duration.

A laser is a device that controls the way that energized atoms release photons. "Laser" is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, which describes very succinctly how a laser works.

Your local poison control center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions.

How well someone does depends on how severe their poisoning is and how quickly they receive treatment. The faster medical help is given, the better the chance for recovery.Swallowing such poisons can have severe effects on many parts of the body. Burns in the airway or gastrointestinal tract can lead to tissue necrosis, resulting in infection, shock, and death, even several months after the substance was first swallowed. Scars may form in these tissues leading to long-term difficulties with breathing, swallowing, and digestion.

If this photon (possessing a certain energy and phase) should encounter another atom that has an electron in the same excited state, stimulated emission can occur. The first photon can stimulate or induce atomic emission such that the subsequent emitted photon (from the second atom) vibrates with the same frequency and direction as the incoming photon.

In general, the atoms are excited to a level that is two or three levels above the ground state. This increases the degree of population inversion. The population inversion is the number of atoms in the excited state versus the number in ground state.

Some lasers are very powerful, such as the CO2 laser, which can cut through steel. The CO2 laser is so dangerous is because it emits laser light in the infrared and microwave region of the spectrum. Infrared radiation is heat, and this laser basically melts through whatever it is focused upon.

Derived from the terms "excited" and "dimers," these types of lasers use reactive gases, such as chlorine and fluorine, mixed with inert gases such as argon, krypton or xenon. When electrically stimulated, a pseudo molecule (dimer) is produced. When lased, the dimer produces light in the ultraviolet range.

Aronson JK. Organic solvents. In: Aronson JK, ed. Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. 16th ed. Waltham, MA: Elsevier; 2016:385-389.

The photon that any atom releases has a certain wavelength that is dependent on the energy difference between the excited state and the ground state.

You see atoms releasing energy as photons all the time. For example, when the heating element in a toaster turns bright red, the red color is caused by atoms, excited by heat, releasing red photons. When you see a picture on a TV screen, what you are seeing is phosphor atoms, excited by high-speed electrons, emitting different colors of light.

Dye lasers use complex organic dyes, such as rhodamine 6G, in liquid solution or suspension as lasing media. They are tunable over a broad range of wavelengths.

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Laser light is monochromatic, meaning it contains only one specific color or wavelength. It is also coherent, with all the photons moving in sync with each other. This coherence gives laser light its focused nature, allowing it to travel over long distances without significant divergence.

Below are symptoms of lighter fluid poisoning in different parts of the body.EYES, EARS, NOSE, AND THROATLoss of visionSevere pain in the throatSevere pain or burning in the nose, eyes, ears, lips, or tongue KIDNEYS AND BLADDERDecreased urine output STOMACH AND INTESTINESBlood in the stoolSevere abdominal painBurns of the food pipe (esophagus)VomitingVomiting bloodHEART AND BLOODCollapseLow blood pressure that develops rapidly (shock)LUNGS AND AIRWAYSBreathing difficultyChest painCoughThroat swelling (may also cause breathing difficulty) NERVOUS SYSTEMComa (decreased level of consciousness and lack of responsiveness)ConfusionDizzinessExcitabilityExtreme sleepinessHallucinationsHeadacheInability to sleepIrritabilityLack of desire to do anythingTremorTwitchingUncoordinated movementsSeizures (convulsions)Staggering SKINBurnsHoles in the skin or tissues under the skinIrritation

Get medical help right away. Do not make the person throw up unless poison control or a health care provider tells you to. If the lighter fluid is on the skin or in the eyes, flush with lots of water for at least 15 minutes.If the person swallowed the lighter fluid, give them water or milk right away, if poison control or a provider tells you to do so. Do not give anything to drink if the person has symptoms that make it hard to swallow. These include vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness.If the person breathed in fumes of the lighter fluid, move them to fresh air right away.

Once an electron moves to a higher-energy orbit, it eventually wants to return to the ground state. When it does, it releases its energy as a photon — a particle of light.

Solid-state lasers have lasing material distributed in a solid matrix (such as the ruby or neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet "Yag" lasers). The neodymium-Yag laser emits infrared light at 1,064 nanometers (nm). A nanometer is 1x10-9 meters.

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