After hearing concerns from critics that the ending of the film was promoting suicide, Sandberg interviewed with The A.V. Club where he said he was distressed about that idea, and wanted to explain his position. He said that he originally wanted to make a film about depression, as he has also suffered from it, and that one of his friends had died by suicide. Diana was not a ghost back then, but during the development of the film, it became more of a horror film. It still retained some themes about depression and mental illness. He had originally shot a second ending to the film in which Martin becomes depressed and Diana comes back one more time before she is killed. Test audiences concluded that Sophie's sacrifice would have been in vain.[6]

Thus, the chip manufacturers started to use light with shorter and shorter wavelengths to keep up with Moore’s law. In about 1990 they reached a deep ultraviolet (DUV) wavelength of 193 nm, which was as far as they could go using conventional optical technology.

Lucy O'Brien of IGN gave the film 7/10, saying: "[w]ith an unnerving monster at its core, great cast and relentless final sequence, Light's [sic] Out is a debut director Sandberg should be proud of. A clunky script occasionally loosens its grip on the nerves, but chances are Diana will still have you sleeping with the lights on for a good while after leaving the theatre."[27] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 4 stars out of 4, stating: "[e]ven the most cynical, jaded, seen-it-all-before critic cannot deny certain visceral reactions to a film. Lights Out gave me the chills."[28] Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "[a] surprisingly maternal horror movie that relies as much on fraying emotional bonds as supernatural suspense to create tension, Lights Out deals with an array of primal fears that threaten to unravel a family's fundamental relationships, along with their sanity."[29] Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times wrote, "[s]packling over any copycat cracks with strong acting and fleet editing, Lights Out delivers minimalist frights in old-school ways."[30]

Lights Out is a 2016 American supernatural horror film directed by David F. Sandberg in his directorial debut, produced by Lawrence Grey, James Wan, and Eric Heisserer and written by Heisserer. It stars Teresa Palmer, Gabriel Bateman, Alexander DiPersia, Billy Burke, and Maria Bello. It is based on Sandberg's 2013 short film of the same name and features Lotta Losten, who starred in the short.[4]

Rebecca finds a box of medical records and research in Paul's office, which reveal that Sophie was admitted to a mental hospital as a child. While there, she befriended a young patient named Diana, who suffered from a severe skin condition that meant she could not go out in sunlight. It was believed that she was evil and was able to "get into people's heads" since Diana's father committed suicide after Diana influenced him to do so. In the end, Diana was accidentally reduced to ashes by the hospital staff when they tried to perform an experimental treatment on her under intense light. Sophie has a conversation with Martin, who was taken back to their mother by the CPS agent, and she decides to allow Martin to meet Diana after turning the light off. However, Martin is frightened by Diana and runs away from them back to Rebecca's place.

Around the same time, several forward-looking researchers in the microelectronics industry thought that using EUV light, which has a much shorter wavelength (13.5 nm, to be exact), would be the key technology to allow the industry to continue marching forward under Moore’s Law.

Particle accelerators, such as the original electron synchrotron at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, the agency that later was renamed NIST), were first developed about 80 years ago to study what was going on in the cores of atoms, known as nuclei. All such devices accelerate charged particles, a process that produces light (i.e., electromagnetic radiation), at first considered an unwanted byproduct. Back in 1961, scientists at NBS found that the light from their synchrotron, rather than being an unwanted source of energy loss, could be used to do some interesting experiments on atoms. The result was a seminal 1963 publication that showed how this now-dubbed “synchrotron radiation” could be used to uncover some never-before-observed features in how helium and other rare gases respond to light in the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum.

Light filmWikipedia

In the film, when a terrifying force arises from her family's past, a woman must protect her young half-brother from a spirit that kills its victims in the dark. After the short film's success, Sandberg announced a feature film adaptation based on his short film. Principal photography for the film began in June 2015 in Los Angeles. Filming was completed on August 5, 2015.

In July 2016, a week after the film's release, it was announced that New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures had greenlit a sequel. Heisserer and Sandberg will return to write and direct the film, respectively, while Wan and Lawrence Grey will return to produce under their Atomic Monster and Grey Matter Productions banners.[33][34]

Nonetheless, those of us at SURF collaborated with industry to develop different ways that NIST could help. We worked with large companies and industry consortia to develop instrumentation and tests for the new optics, both in terms of in their performance and their resistance to the possibly unfriendly environments they would experience within the vacuum systems that EUV lithography requires.

In other territories, the film earned $8.5 million in its opening weekend from 3,737 screens in key markets of Russia and Australia along with 30 smaller Eastern European and Asian markets. The film benefited from being released in the wake of the global success of The Conjuring 2.[20] It debuted at first place in Russia with $1.7 million.[20] Its other top openings were recorded in South Korea ($3.9 million), France ($1.5 million), the U.K. ($1.4 million) and Spain ($1.1 million).[21][22] Its biggest earning markets are South Korea ($7.7 million), Mexico ($5.5 million), the U.K. ($4.5 million) and Spain ($3.9 million).[23]

Rebecca, her boyfriend Bret, and Martin stage an intervention with Sophie about how she is letting Diana haunt them. Sophie becomes irate but secretly asks Rebecca for help, as Diana will not let Sophie go. The group stays the night at Sophie's, intending to get her help in the morning. To avoid an attack from Diana during the night, they rig the house to be as brightly lit as possible, but this proves useless when Diana cuts the power of the whole neighborhood. She traps Rebecca and Martin in the basement and attempts to kill Bret. Despite being injured, Bret escapes by shining the headlight of his car and drives away. Later, Sophie confronts Diana, trying to tell her to spare her children, but is knocked unconscious by Diana when she tries to take her medicine. In the basement, Martin and Rebecca find a black-light; Rebecca is able to clearly see Diana with it, but realizes it is not powerful enough to ward her off.

We privately experienced occasional doubts about whether the industry efforts would ultimately be successful. But despite the challenges, we continued to collaborate with the industry partners to overcome the many hurdles. We were glad that our contributions in the struggle to limit the degrading effect of the EUV light on the reflective optics, one of many significant problems, helped remove this barrier to progress.

Interest is growing in EUV and UV radiation as researchers continue to find more applications for EUV/UV light sources and optics. NIST’s research in the EUV connects some of the biggest things in the solar system to the smallest, from studies of the Sun itself to the manufacture of the tiny transistors in a cell phone. It’s great to have had the opportunity to collaborate with everyone from semiconductor manufacturers to astronomers on these projects, and we look forward to seeing and enabling future developments in EUV and UV applications.

Light FilmShark Tank

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As we have seen in NASA’s and NOAA’s study of the Sun, the importance of EUV light goes beyond chip manufacture — it includes being an essential messenger from outer space.

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The use of EUV for lithography would require a whole new optical technology: a new type of UV light source and a new type of optics. EUV required the use of “reflective” instead of the usual “transmissive” optics (that is, mirrors rather than lenses) because no material transmits light at the EUV wavelength. Also needed was a new tool environment. Instead of the tool operating at atmospheric pressure, where EUV is readily absorbed, the system required a high-vacuum environment. The job was much harder than first imagined. Many scientists and engineers familiar with microelectronics manufacturing thought it to be next to impossible to mass-produce chips with EUV.

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Meanwhile, in the 1980s, electronic chipmakers began to worry about how to keep up with “Moore’s law,” the roadmap that compels the microcircuit industry to constantly strive to double the number of transistors on a chip every two years or so. Making computer chips starts out with creating a pattern on a wafer of silicon in a process known as lithography (Greek for “to draw on a stone”). This is done by shining a pattern of light on a thin coating of a light-sensitive material atop a silicon wafer. The light-sensitive material is then developed to form an intricate circuit pattern.

Martin tells her that their mother has been talking to a woman named "Diana". Rebecca assures him that Diana is not real, and that she had also heard their mother talk to the imaginary girl when she was a child. Once they arrive at Martin's house, Rebecca gets into an argument with Sophie when she realizes her mother is not taking her medication, but Sophie tells Rebecca she has no right to lecture her, accusing Rebecca of abandoning her like Rebecca's father did. Questioning her mother's sanity, Rebecca takes Martin to her apartment, much to Sophie's despair. That night, Rebecca is awoken by the same shadowed woman that killed Paul. She narrowly escapes an attack when she turns the lights on, making the woman disappear. The next morning, Rebecca notices that the name "Diana" has been scratched into her floor, along with a scratch drawing of a stick figure. She remembers finding the same name and drawing as a child and realizes Diana is real.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 75% based on 183 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Lights Out makes skillful use of sturdy genre tropes—and some terrific performances—for an unsettling, fright-filled experience that delivers superior chills without skimping on story."[24] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[26]

TheLightmovie Netflix

Lights Out grossed $67.3 million in the United States and Canada and $81.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $148.9 million, against a production budget of $4.9 million.[3]

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Lightmovie BL

The Sun is constantly bombarding NASA and NOAA space satellites with radiation, including EUV light. This EUV radiation degrades important satellite components, such as optical filters. With its EUV light source, NIST can simulate five years of Sun exposure in two weeks, providing important data for protecting satellites and their delicate components.

Special effects of having the ghost appear and disappear were mostly done by using a split-screen technique as also used in the short. Sandberg said "Whenever she's in frame with another character, it's basically just a split screen. So you shoot it with her and without her. You turn the camera on with her, you turn it off and she walks off, and then you turn it on again. It's super simple, actually." Sandberg also made a list of what he called the "light gags", or different ways to create light sources from flashlights to cell phones and gunfire. In the scene when Diana appears in Rebecca's room, James Wan suggested replacing passing car headlights in an early treatment with the flashing neon sign that appears in the final film.[6]

In June 2015, Gabriel Bateman and Teresa Palmer were cast in the film as the child and teenager leads. In that same month, Maria Bello was cast in the film as the mother of Bateman and Palmer's characters, alongside Alexander DiPersia as the boyfriend of Palmer's character, Billy Burke as the stepfather of Palmer's character and father of Bateman's character, and Alicia Vela-Bailey as the main antagonist Diana were also starring.[7][8][9][10]

Sandberg originally based the character of Rebecca on a real girl that he knew who was suffering from depression, and who was engaging in self-harm, which is why Rebecca has scars on her arms, but the development of the film made it less about depression and more of a ghost story in which Diana would have been the real person who died and became a ghost. Wan came up with the idea of making Diana the ghost. Rebecca's boyfriend was also given a twist of being a rocker, but is actually committed and responsible, even driving a safe car like a Volvo. Another twist Sandberg liked was making the imaginary friend for the mother rather than the trope of having the friend be for the child.[6]

Lightmovie 2024 review

The film had its world premiere at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 8, 2016, and was released in the United States and Canada on July 22, 2016, by Warner Bros. The film received positive reviews from critics, with many praising the direction, screenplay, acting, cinematography and musical score, and grossed $148 million against a budget of $4.9 million. A sequel is in development.

After the long night, Bret comforts Martin and Rebecca in an ambulance outside the house; a light flickers inside the ambulance but Bret assures them that Diana is truly gone.

Sandberg, along with his wife Lotta Losten, created the initial short film for a film competition. Although the film did not win the competition, the short soon went viral, leading to Sandberg being contacted by several agents, to the point where he had to develop a spreadsheet to keep track of them all.[5] One of the contacts was Lawrence Grey who wanted to collaborate with James Wan in order to produce a feature-length version. Although Wan enjoyed the short, he was hesitant that it could be turned into a feature until Sandberg produced a treatment for the feature-length version.[5]

Light filmscreen

Having demonstrated to the world the usefulness of synchrotron radiation, NBS researchers created the first dedicated synchrotron ultraviolet radiation facility, or SURF I, to use this radiation to perform many interesting experiments and establish a new basis for calibrating various light sources and light detectors. From this unique beginning, the world has now fully invested in the use of synchrotron radiation, with over 50 synchrotron light facilities operating worldwide.

In 2019, after decades of effort, manufacturers used a new technology to create smartphones with individual circuit features as small as 7 nanometers (nm), or billionths of a meter, enabling them to cram 8.5 billion electronic devices known as transistors on a single small chip. Fitting more transistors in the same small space means faster, more powerful smartphones, computers and other electronic devices.

Light(2024)

A few critics were less taken with the film. James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave 2 stars out of 4, saying: "[u]nfortunately, the film stumbles, offering too few legitimate scares and displaying an overreliance on traditional horror movie clichés." Berardinelli detested the film's camerawork, described characters as being "thinly drawn", and the screenplay as "spending inordinate amount of time providing a backstory..."[31] Rex Reed of Observer gave 1 star out of 4, saying: "the film's screenplay focuses almost entirely on the number of resourceful and ingenious ways the characters dream up to keep the lights on, stave off the next attack and stay alive—lights from candles, flashlights, cellphones, the car in the driveway—before the batteries die; The fun wears out fast and so does the "gotcha" factor."[32]

Where does the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) come into play here? NIST was an early collaborator with those in the microelectronics industry who saw that it might be possible to use extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light to create electronic devices with smaller features like those we have today. This challenging goal was realized after a long, hard struggle.

The move to Hollywood was somewhat hectic for the couple, requiring that Losten quit her day job in order to do so. Once in Hollywood the two were unable to get an apartment due to not having a US credit score, forcing them to rent Airbnb on a monthly basis.[5]

Lightmovie 2024 wiki

At first, manufacturers used visible light to etch circuit patterns onto chips. The first commercially available microprocessor, the Intel 4004, came out in 1971 and had about 1,000 transistors per square centimeter. Each transistor, in turn, was made with parts having dimensions as small as about 10 micrometers, or 10 millionths of a meter.

In a textile factory during closing hours, after an employee named Esther says goodbye to her boss Paul, she encounters a silhouette of a strange woman with claw-like hands when the lights are off, but she cannot see it when the lights are on. After she leaves, Paul encounters the woman as well. He tries to run away and locks himself into an office, but is killed after the lights go out.

Charlie Tarrio received his BS from Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, and Ph.D. in physics from the University of Virginia. He has been at NIST since 1991 developing at-wavelength EUV metrology and studying properties and contamination of EUV optics.

The film had its world premiere at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 8, 2016.[13] The film also screened at Comic-Con on July 20, 2016,[14] and was released on July 22, 2016.[15]

Principal photography for the film began in June 2015 in Los Angeles. Filming was completed on August 5, 2015.[11] Sandberg had not worked with a film crew or visited a film set before directing Lights Out; he had to ask the first assistant director, "So when do I say action?"[12]

In North America, Lights Out was projected to gross $13–15 million from 2,900 theaters in its opening weekend.[16] It made $1.8 million from its Thursday night screenings and $9.2 million on its first day.[17] The film exceeded expectations and earned $21.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing at third place behind fellow newcomer Star Trek Beyond and holdover The Secret Life of Pets.[18][19]

In the early 1970s, NASA used SURF I to calibrate space instruments that study the Sun. These calibrations ensured that the measurements would be accurate once the instruments were launched into space. Years later special telescopes calibrated at updated versions of SURF produced wonderful images of the solar corona at several EUV wavelengths. These EUV “pictures” helped scientists build a temperature map of the Sun.

Light waves can be imagined as waterlike ripples, with regularly repeating peaks and valleys. Just like in water waves, light’s wavelength is defined as the distance between two wave peaks. The shorter the wavelength, the closer the peaks are to each other, and the finer the patterns you can etch on a chip. In short, shorter wavelengths mean smaller transistors, and more electronic devices on the same-sized chip.

Some time later Paul's son, Martin, witnesses his mother, Sophie, talking to something in the dark. Sophie notices Martin and comforts him about the event, but as Martin goes back to bed he notices a strange figure in the shadow behind Sophie, and locks himself in his bedroom out of fear. Shortly thereafter Martin begins to have trouble staying awake at school. The nurse is unable to get in touch with Sophie to inform her of this, so Martin's older maternal half-sister (Paul's step-daughter) Rebecca is called in to the school nurse's office instead. A Child Protective Services agent questions Rebecca about Martin's living conditions, and Rebecca tells the official that Sophie is taking antidepressants.

Tom Lucatorto received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1968 for work on atomic structure. He has over 125 publications and four patents, is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, and is the recipient of the Department of Commerce Silver Medal in 1980 and in 2013. He has been the leader of the Ultraviolet Radiation Group at NIST for the last three decades.  That group’s role is to provide accurate measurements in the spectral range from 4 nm to 400 nm, which include calibrations of all NASA and NOAA’s solar UV instruments and other optics used in astronomy, fusion plasma diagnostics, laser development and EUV lithography.

Many such EUV measurements now being made by NASA and NOAA have more than purely scientific importance. They can serve to help in designing early warning systems for solar storms that could knock out GPS and communication links. It takes an average of eight minutes and 20 seconds for light from the Sun to reach Earth, but it takes a few hours to a few days for dangerous particles to arrive. So, if we get an early warning of a solar storm, then we could have time to prepare for it.

Bret returns with two police officers. When the officers free Martin and Rebecca from the basement, they also see the shadow of Diana and try to go after her, but she kills them. Rebecca and Martin exit the house, but Martin insists on getting Sophie out as well. Rebecca goes back alone for her mother. As she climbs the stairs, Diana reveals that she killed Rebecca's father years ago because, like Paul, he tried to help Sophie recover from her trauma. She injures Rebecca for trying to do the same, but as Diana prepares to kill her, Sophie, who has recovered, appears with a gun from one of the dead officers and shoots at Diana, who says that can't harm her, to which Sophie replies, "I know." Sophie has realized she is the tether for Diana to exist in the real world and kills herself to save Rebecca and Martin. As Sophie's body falls, Diana vanishes from existence.