Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. The slower time scales of the re-emission are associated with "forbidden" energy state transitions in quantum mechanics. As these transitions occur very slowly in certain materials, absorbed radiation is re-emitted at a lower intensity for up to several hours after the original excitation.

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Yes, but only if the chamber is drained or if the water will remain at a stand still for more than 30 minutes. Note: Running longer than the recommended time without water flow can cause extensive damage to the unit that is not covered under warranty.

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In the case of phosphorescence, the electron undergoes an intersystem crossing, usually a triplet state. This takes time, and the electron will relax in a longer period of time.

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There are different ways an electron (atom) can relax, like in a single step. Still, the emitted photon might have a different energy level than the originally absorbed one. Especially when the relaxation happens in multiple steps, the emitted photons all have different energies than the original photon.

What should my flow rate be on my saltwater aquarium?Your flow rate should be 3 to 5 times the volume of water per hour.

To be clear, I'm curious what happens when light is completely absorbed by the material and what determines if it gets absorbed vs. simply scattered as described in my first paragraph.

Should I bypass part of my water through the ultraviolet water purification system and the rest back to the water supply?No, Our UV’s are specifically designed to handle high flow rates for easier installation and the best water quality.

Does the UV light have any residual effect to the fish?UV only affects what passes through the chamber. There is no residual effect from ultraviolet light sanitation.

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So in that scenario, the photon is essentially scattered by the electron. What happens when a material absorbs energy such that, for instance, UV light strikes a material and infrared light gets emitted from it. What is happening between the photons and the material in that case?

Our Ultraviolet water purification system uses the best and latest technology for disinfecting water combined with beauty and modern design for user experience

2021420 — An ideal point source emits light uniformly in all directions, and a positive spherical lens placed one focal length (f ) away collimates the ...

Unpolarized polarized – Most sources of light are described as 'unpolarized' light (i.e. natural light), meaning that they consist of many photons with random ...

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Are all UV lamps of the same length the same wattage?No. The power output of the lamp has nothing to do with its length; other factors like the amount of mercury it contains and the power supply that feeds the lamp govern this.

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What’s the difference between a sterilizer and a clarifier?As a sterilizer, your Aqua Ultraviolet water purification system will keep your pond or aquarium water crystal clear, plus you will have the added benefit of bacterial control which will help keep your fish healthy and happy with less risk of disease.As a clarifier the algae in your pond will be reduced, your pond will still have a green tint to it, unless you have 50-75% plant coverage or your pond is in full shade.

What should my flow rate be on my pond or freshwater aquarium?The optimum flow rate on your pond or fresh water aquarium is to turn over the volume of water one time every hour to every hour and a half.

I'm curious how light is absorbed in materials. From what I understand, when an electron absorbs a photon, it gets excited to an energy level that is higher than the level it's in and the energy difference between the levels is equal to the energy of the photon. Then the electron spontaneously falls back to its ground state, releasing a photon with the same amount of energy.

I'm curious what happens when light is completely absorbed by the material and what determines if it gets absorbed vs. simply scattered as described in my first paragraph.

Now you are describing in both cases 3., absorption. The difference between the two cases is that in the first case you describe absorption, where the photon gives all its energy to the absorbing atom/electron and ceases to exist. Then, the electron relaxes in a single step and emits a photon with the same energy as the absorbed photon.

So a lot can happen when a photon hits a solid material, starting with the description in the answer by Árpád Szendrei , of atomic interactions, to interacting with the total lattice. See the band theory of solids to understand the complexity. The energy of the photon will contribute to the raising of the temperature of the material and thus go towards its black body radiation.

A few specialty glues set up and harden quickly when exposed to ultraviolet light. They're good for attaching hinges to glass. December 2, 2006.

Where do I install my UV?The best place to install your Aqua Ultraviolet water purification system is after the filter. If an after the filter installation is not feasible, your ultraviolet sterilizer can be installed before the filter, but it will take a little longer to work. If installed before the filter, be aware that a small rock passing from the pump can break the quartz sleeve. It is recommended that if you install your unit before your filter, you check the ultraviolet light sanitizer periodically for any water leakage due to a broken quartz sleeve.Be sure to have adequate pre-filtration to prevent breakage. (A broken quartz sleeve and any damage caused by a broken quartz sleeve is not covered under warranty.)

Do I install my ultraviolet light sanitizer vertically or horizontally?You can install it either way. The Wiper version should be installed horizontally to keep the wiper seal wet.

201335 — Popular answers (1) ... If the arbitrarily-chosen x- and y-components have a fixed phase difference between them, then the light is polarised ( ...

Now it is very important to understand that not only the number of steps of relaxation can vary, but the delay between absorption and emission too.

Ultraviolet light does not discriminate about what it destroys. If good bacteria passes by the ultraviolet light sanitizer it will be destroyed. Beneficial bacteria are colonized in your filter and along the sides and bottom of your pond. The only time those will be affected is if it becomes free floating and passes through the ultraviolet water purification system.

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Classic Series – Classic Series Sterilizers are perfect for both experienced and non-experienced end users. Ultraviolet light sanitization is versatile technology used for disinfecting water, other opaque liquids, hard surfaces and air. Using the same germicidal rays as the sun, but hundreds of times stronger, Ultraviolet water purification systems offer a reliable, cost effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemicals and their resulting bi-products.

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The Classic Series ultraviolet water purification system is compact and lightweight, ideal for ponds, aquariums, and water features. Classic Series units are designed for maximum ultraviolet light sanitization and effectiveness.

Gasses are closest to atomic reactions since their complexity is only molecular in adding extra energy levels for transitions.

In the second case, the photon gets absorbed (UV light), the photon ceases to exist, gives all its energy to the absorbing atom/electron, and then the electron relaxes in single or multiple steps, maybe with a delay, but the emitted photon has different energy than the originally absorbed photon (IR light).

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2016715 — Typical setup for a reflected light microscope. How are Köhler illumination techniques applied? Brightfield microscopy: The most commonly used ...

It depends on your definition of material. For solids, the quantum mechanical effects, i.e. energy levels that can absorb the photon, are not only on atoms. Solids are made up also by molecules and by lattices. These groupings have binding energies and the corresponding possibility of absorbing a photon and emitting a different one, distributing the energy to levels in the molecules and the lattice.

If the material is liquid, again there are bound quantum mechanical states on which the photon can be absorbed and the energy degraded with subsequent de-excitations. It is more time and space dependent than in solids.

What should I expect after my ultraviolet water purification system is installed?If your Aqua Ultraviolet system is installed after the filter and is properly sized the water should be clear in 3-5 days. If your Aqua Ultraviolet light sanitizer is installed before the filter the water should be clear in 7-10 days. The green algae on the sides and bottom of the pond will not disappear, this is normal in a pond. The UV does not control this type of algae.

*Aqua Ultraviolet does not recommend utilizing Wipers with Salt Water and if utilized in this manner will void warranty on the Wiper parts.