For a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the x-direction, the angle the electric field makes with the y-axis is unique.

Polarization is a phenomenon peculiar to transverse waves.  Longitudinal waves such as sound cannot be polarized.  Light and other electromagnetic waves are transverse waves made up of mutually perpendicular, fluctuating electric and magnetic fields.  In the diagram below an EM wave is propagating in the x-direction, the electric field oscillates in the xy-plane, and the magnetic field oscillates in the xz-plane.  A line traces out the electric field vector as the wave propagates.

Laserdistance Meter

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Certain birefringent crystalline substances bend light trough an angle that depends upon the state of incident polarization.  The have an optic axis.  Unpolarized light entering a birefringent crystal not along the optic axis of the crystal is split into beams which are bend by different amounts.

The stability of the measured values can also be guaranteed on rough and structured surfaces thanks to the fine line beam shape. Thus, not the structure itself, but the object to be measured can be reliably measured.

When unpolarized light is incident on a boundary between two dielectric surfaces, for example on an air-water boundary, then the reflected and transmitted components are partially polarized.  The reflected wave is 100% linearly polarized when the incident angle is equal to an angle called the Brewster angle.  For water this angle is is ~53o with respect to the normal or 37o with respect to the water surface. For are considerable angular range around the Brewster angle the reflected light is highly polarized in the horizontal direction.

A laser is a coherent and focused beam of photons; coherent, in this context, means that it is all one wavelength, unlike ordinary light which showers on us in ...

An unpolarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the x-direction is a superposition of many waves.  For each of these waves the electric field vector is perpendicular to the x-axis, but the angle it makes with the y-axis is different for different waves.  For unpolarized light traveling in the x-direction Ey and Ez are randomly varying on a timescale that is much shorter than that needed for observation.

A beam of unpolarized light of intensity I0 passes through a series of ideal polarizing filters with their transmission axis turned to various angles, as shown in the figure. (a)  What is the light intensity (in terms of I0) in regions A, B, and C? (b)  If we remove the middle filter, what will be the light intensity at point C?

Its frequency is able to penetrate the nucleus of an organism, destroying its DNA and effectively killing the germs. As a result, UV lamps are used in areas ...

An ideal polarizer is a material that passes only EM waves for which the electric field vector is parallel to its transmission axis.  The electric field is a vector and can be written in terms of the components parallel and perpendicular to the polarizer's transmission axis.  E = Eparallel + Eperpendicular.  An ideal polarizer passes Eparallel and absorbs Eperpendicular.If E0 is the incident field vector and the angle between E0 and the transmission axis is θ, then the magnitude of transmitted field vector is E0 cosθ and its direction is the direction of the transmission axis.  The intensity I of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the electric field vector.  We therefore haveItransmitted = I0 cos2θ. This is called the law of Malus.  If θ = 90o the transmitted intensity is zero.

When unpolarized light passes through a polarizer, the intensity is reduced by a factor of ½.  The average of cos2θ, averages over all angles θ is ½. Itransmitted = I0all angles = ½I0.

Optically active or circular birefringent materials rotate the direction of polarization of linearly polarized light.  The amount of rotation depends on the wavelength of the light.  Sugar molecules have a handedness (chirality) and in solution are optically active.  If we polarize white light and pass it through sugar syrup, the direction of polarization of the light emerging from the syrup will be different for the different color components.  If the light then passes through a second polarizer, its color changes with the orientation of the transmission axis of this polarizer.

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Directly integrated into the sensor head, the digital interfaces facilitate integration and configuration of the sensors. Without the need for any additional controller units.

The operational principle of triangulation in combination with intelligent evaluation algorithms ensure highest precision up to the micrometer range.

Optimal measurement results are provided by a variety of parameterization options, such as filters or the suppression of invalid measurement results that are available in the entire portfolio, guaranteeing absolutely reliable measurements.

Thanks to an intelligent method for ambient light suppression, the laser distance sensors from Baumer are exceptionally resistant to critical ambient light effects.

Transmitted lighting is typically used for two different types of samples: objects that are transparent or semi-transparent or those that are opaque and require ...

Dec 4, 2024 — LIGHT SOURCE definition: 1. anything that produces light: 2. anything that produces light: . Learn more.

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Laser distance sensors ensure higher process stability and allow fully automated processing by robots, regardless of the properties of the measured object. This can help achieve higher efficiency and utilize the advantages of digitization.

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There are different polarization mechanisms.  The most common method of producing polarized light is to use polaroid material, made from chains of organic molecules, which are anisotropic in shape.  Light transmitted is linearly polarized perpendicular to the direction of the chains.  The transmission axis is perpendicular to the chains.

Convex lenses, known for converging light rays towards a focal point, have diverse applications. · They're crucial in eyeglasses for vision correction, ...

20151221 — I wondered if when a light passes through a prism and onto a white surface if every possible combination of colors comes out the other side.

Laser distance sensors are often used in fast and precise processing of electronic components and ultimately the final assembly of smart devices, for example in dispense applications.

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The optical distance sensors by Baumer automatically adapt to different object colors and brightness levels by optimizing their exposure time accordingly.This makes them independent in terms of the reflectivity of an object.

The laser distance sensors quickly provide the first measurement results to verify the feasibility of the application. To obtain optimum measurement results, the sensors can be easily adapted to the application. Find out how the laser distance sensors make both things possible in the video.

Some materials turn birefringent when stressed.  By placing transparent materials between two polarizers, we can perform stress analysis tests.

A polarizer produces linearly polarized light.  It is often convenient to orient the transmission axis of a polarizer vertically or horizontally to produce light with vertical or horizontal linear polarization.

With the laser distance sensors, particularly precise measurements can be implemented easily and quickly in the ongoing production process. Here you can learn more about the precision and reliability requirements of the measurement, regardless of the material properties to be detected.

High demands on cycle times and product quality require precision coupled with high measurement speed in the processing steps.

When the sun is at a low angle in the sky, the sunlight reflecting off the surface of water is nearly 100% horizontally polarized because the angle of incidence is close to the Brewster angle. Glare-reducing sunglasses are coated with a polarizer with a vertical transmission axis and therefore block the reflected light.