Analytical Methods in Geosciences Copyright © by Elizabeth Johnson and Juhong Christie Liu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Smart vision Lights

Advanced illumination are specialists in machine vision lighting, aiming to reduce or eliminate issues encountered when implementing factory automation lighting solutions.

Line Lights, as opposed to linear array bar lights, employ a secondary lens to focus the light into a narrow beam, typically for short to intermediate working distances, and are mostly used in conjunction with line scan cameras.

Glass and plastic become optically active when stressed; the greater the stress, the greater the effect. Optical stress analysis on complicated shapes can be performed by making plastic models of them and observing them through crossed filters, as seen in Figure 2.3.21. It is apparent that the effect depends on wavelength as well as stress. The wavelength dependence is sometimes also used for artistic purposes.

Spectrumillumination

Coaxial Lights provide a type of diffuse illumination, generated from an internal source. The light is then deflected downward onto the imaging plane via a 50% beamsplitter, which also allows light from the object to be collected by the camera above.

While you are undoubtedly aware of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) found in watches, calculators, computer screens, cellphones, flat screen televisions, and other myriad places, you may not be aware that they are based on polarization. Liquid crystals are so named because their molecules can be aligned even though they are in a liquid. Liquid crystals have the property that they can rotate the polarization of light passing through them by 90 degrees. Furthermore, this property can be turned off by the application of a voltage, as illustrated in Figure 2.3.19. It is possible to manipulate this characteristic quickly and in small well-defined regions to create the contrast patterns we see in so many LCD devices.

Another interesting phenomenon associated with polarized light is the ability of some minerals and other crystals to split an unpolarized beam of light into two polarized beams (Figure 2.3.22). Such crystals are said to be birefringent.

Polaroid sunglasses are familiar to most of us. They have a special ability to cut the glare of light reflected from water or glass. Polaroids have this ability because of a wave characteristic of light called polarization. What is polarization? How is it produced? What are some of its uses? The answers to these questions are related to the wave character of light.

Ai was the world’s first LED lighting company, shipping its first solid-state illumination systems in 1993. OEM Automatic has been in partnership with Ai for over a decade, and we are proud to represent a true leader in the field of machine vision lights.

There are a number of areas you need to think about in order to determine what type of illumination is the best solution for your application:

The Sun and many other light sources produce waves in which E (and B, though it is not shown) are not preferentially oriented – they exist in every direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation (see Figure 2.3.11). Such light is said to be unpolarized because it is composed of many waves with all possible directions of polarization.

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Many crystals and solutions rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them. Such substances are said to be optically active. Examples include sugar water, insulin, and collagen (see Figure 2.3.20). In addition to depending on the type of substance, the amount and direction of rotation depends on a number of factors. Among these is the concentration of the substance, the distance the light travels through it, and the wavelength of light. Optical activity is due to the asymmetric shape of molecules in the substance, such as being helical. Measurements of the rotation of polarized light passing through substances can thus be used to measure concentrations, a standard technique for sugars. It can also give information on the shapes of molecules, such as proteins, and factors that affect their shapes, such as temperature and pH.

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In contrast, light that is plane polarized (also called linearly polarized) has E oriented in one specific direction in space (Figure 2.3.12).  The polarization direction is defined by the orientation of E (as opposed to B).

ADVANCED ILLUMINATION Advanced illumination are specialists in machine vision lighting, aiming to reduce or eliminate issues encountered when implementing factory automation lighting solutions.  Ai was the world’s first LED lighting company, shipping its first solid-state illumination systems in 1993. OEM Automatic has been in partnership with Ai for over a decade, and we are proud to represent a true leader in the field of machine vision lights. There are a number of areas you need to think about in order to determine what type of illumination is the best solution for your application:   BAR LIGHTS Bar Lights, also known as Linear Array Lights, offer both bright field and dark field illumination, depending on angle of incidence with respect to the object of interest. Because of the variety of lengths available, bar lights are useful for large area illumination when used in opposing pairs or in a picture frame mounting orientation. Bar Lights can also be used in replacement of Spot or Ring Lights when greater intensity is required. RING LIGHTS (BRIGHT FIELD) Bright Field Ring Lights provide illumination directly onto an object, at angles of above 45 degrees from horizontal, creating distinct shadows or general purpose illumination depending on subjects features. RING LIGHTS (DARK FIELD) Dark Field Lights provide illumination that is projected at a shallow angle to the imaging surface, 45 degrees or less. Very low angle dark field ring lights must be deployed at close working distances to be effective. BACK LIGHTS Back Lighting provides an area of uniform illumination which when oriented behind the object of interest it can be used to create a part silhouette of instant contrast between dark and light.  FLAT AND DOME LIGHTS Dome Lights provide diffuse lighting, also known as “cloudy-day illumination”. Reflected light provides non-directional, soft illumination that is free of shadowing. Flat Diffuse Lights are often referred to as “Flat Domes” because of the similar performance characteristics they share with classic domed illuminators. If sufficiently over-sized compared with the object of interest, flat diffuse lights can provide an adequate “Cloudy Day” lighting effect at a larger range of working distances than domes. LINE SCAN LIGHTS Line Lights, as opposed to linear array bar lights, employ a secondary lens to focus the light into a narrow beam, typically for short to intermediate working distances, and are mostly used in conjunction with line scan cameras. SPOT LIGHTS They may be used to create both bright field and dark field effects, depending on the light angle of incidence. Working distances can be short to long, depending on available intensity and beam spread. Small spot lights are beneficial when deployed in tight spaces.  COAXIAL LIGHTS Coaxial Lights provide a type of diffuse illumination, generated from an internal source. The light is then deflected downward onto the imaging plane via a 50% beamsplitter, which also allows light from the object to be collected by the camera above.    ADVANCED ILLUMINATION Advanced illumination / 12" High brightness line light, LL6212 Advanced illumination  12" Line light, LL3148 Advanced illumination  Advanced illumination  24" High brightness line light, LL6324 24" Hight brightness diffuse dome, DL080 Advanced illumination  3" Line light, LL2912 Advanced illumination  4" x 4" Collumated surface mount back light, CB0404 Advanced illumination  44" High brightness diffuse dome, DL180 Advanced illumination  5.25" Ultra bright diffuse dome, DL194 Advanced illumination  6" High intensity line light, LL5806 Advanced illumination  6" Line light, LL3024 Advanced illumination  8" x 8" Side fired LED flat diffuse light, FX0808 Advanced illumination  Back light, BL5420 Advanced illumination  BL245 series UltraSeal Backlights Advanced illumination  Collimated side fired back light 4" x 4", CX0404 Advanced illumination  Compact diffuse dome, DL2230 Advanced illumination  Expandable bar light, AL179 Advanced illumination  Expandable collimated back light, CBXXYY Advanced illumination  Expandable collimated side fired back light, CXxxyy Advanced illumination  Expandable flat diffuse illuminator, FDXXYY Advanced illumination  Expandable high brightness LED line light, LL137 Advanced illumination  Expandable high intensity line light, LL174 Advanced illumination Expandable high intensity oblique line light, LL158 Advanced illumination Expandable high intensity strip back, BL138 Advanced illumination Expandable line light, LL163 Advanced illumination Expandable linear back light, BL193 Advanced illumination Expandable linear diffuse dome, DL067 Advanced illumination Expandable linear diffuse dome, DL151 Advanced illumination Expandable side fired LED back light, BXxxyy Advanced illumination Expandable side fired LED flat diffuse light, FXxxyy Advanced illumination Expandable surface mount LED back light, BLXXYY Advanced illumination Expandable, Ultra Bright line light, EL167 Advanced illumination Flat diffuse dome, FD0808 Advanced illumination High brightness LED diffuse dome, DL097 Advanced illumination Large area diffuse illuminator, DL071 Advanced illumination Linear axial diffuse illuminator, DL110 Advanced illumination Low profile surface mount LED back light, expandable, BL128 Advanced illumination Side fired back light, 4" x 4", BX0404 Advanced illumination Side fired LED back light 8: x 8", BX0808 Advanced illumination Square Coaxial Light, 1" x 1", DL225-025CCCPP/XXX Advanced illumination Square Coaxial Light, 2" x 2", DL225-050CCCPP/XXX Advanced illumination Square Coaxial Light, 3" x 3", DL225-075CCCPP Advanced illumination Square Coaxial Light, 4" x 4", DL225-100CCCPP Advanced illumination Square Coaxial Light, 6" x 6", DL225-150CCCPP Advanced illumination Surface mount back light 2" x 2", BL0202 Advanced illumination  Surface mount LED back light 4" x 4", BL0404 Advanced illumination / Surface mount LED backlight 8" x 8", BL0808 Advanced illumination Ultra bright expandable strip back light, BL168 Advanced Illumination - SL112 Medium Intensity Spot/Coaxial Light Advanced Illumination - SL1236 Large Aimed Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL147 2×2 Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL162 High Intensity Spot/Coaxial Light Advanced Illumination - SL164 Compact High Intensity Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL191 Pattern Projecting Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL223 MicroBrite™ Spot/Coaxial Light Advanced Illumination - SL2420 Medium Aimed Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL243 MicroBrite™ Small Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL244 MicroBrite™ Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL246 High Intensity Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL2507 Small Aimed Spot Light Advanced Illumination - RL1424 Small Aimed Bright Field Advanced Illumination - RL208 MicroBrite™ Bright Field Series Advanced Illumination - RL2115 Compact Aimed Dark Field Advanced Illumination - RL2316 Compact Aimed Bright Field Advanced Illumination - RL3536 Compact Aimed Bright Field Advanced Illumination - RL36120 Large Aimed Bright Field Advanced Illumination - RL3940 Folded Beam Dark Field Advanced Illumination - RL4260 Medium Aimed Bright Field Advanced Illumination - RL5064 Dual Function Ring Light Advanced Illumination - SL-S050075 EuroBrite™ Small Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL-S100150 EuroBrite™ Large Spot Light Advanced Illumination - SL073 Compact Spot Light Advanced Illumination - LL174 High Intensity Bar Lights Advanced Illumination - LL230 Ultra High Intensity Line Lights Advanced Illumination - LL232 MicroBrite™ Line Lights Advanced Illumination - Mounting Brackets Advanced Illumination - MP-ICS - Manual Dimming Accessory Advanced Illumination - PS24-TL - 24 Volt Power Supply Advanced Illumination - Pulsar 320 High Current Controller Advanced Illumination - Reticles - For SL191 Pattern Generating Spot Light Advanced Illumination - RL-S052120 EuroBrite™ Ring Light Advanced Illumination - RL113 High Intensity Bright Field Advanced Illumination - RL121 Small High Dispersion Bright Field Advanced Illumination - RL127 Large High Dispersion Bright Field Advanced Illumination - DL194 Small Dome Light Advanced Illumination - DL2230 Extra Small Dome Light Advanced Illumination - DL225 Square Coaxial Lights Advanced Illumination - Extension Cables Advanced Illumination - FD Series FDXXYY Back-lit Flat Diffuse Lights Advanced Illumination - FX Series FXXXYY Edge-lit Flat Diffuse Lights Advanced Illumination - ICS 2.0 Inline Controller Advanced Illumination - ICS 3 & 3S Inline Controller Advanced Illumination - LL137 Medium Intensity Line Lights Advanced Illumination - LL158 Oblique Line Lights Advanced Illumination - LL163 Classic Line Lights Advanced Illumination - LL167 High Intensity White Line Lights Advanced Illumination - DCS-MP Manual Dimming Accessory Advanced Illumination - DF196 MicroBrite™ Direct Dark Field Series Advanced Illumination - DF198 MicroBrite™ Diffuse Dark Field Series Advanced Illumination - DF241 Small Low Angle Dark Field Advanced Illumination - DF242 Large Low Angle Dark Field Advanced Illumination - DL067 Wide Linear Diffuse Lights Advanced Illumination - DL071 Large Area Diffuse Light Advanced Illumination - DL080 Large Dome Light Advanced Illumination - DL097 Medium Dome Light Advanced Illumination - DL110 Linear Coaxial Light Advanced Illumination - DL151 Narrow Linear Diffuse Lights Advanced Illumination - DL180 Extra Large Dome Light Advanced Illumination - BL193 Medium Intensity Linear Backlights Advanced Illumination - BL245 Series UltraSeal Backlights Advanced illumination - BLXXYY BL 2D Expandable Series Back Lit LED Backlight Advanced Illumination - BT Series MicroBrite™ Edge Lit Backlights Advanced Illumination - BX 2D Expandable Series Edge Lit LED Backlight Advanced Illumination - CBXXYY CB 2D Expandable Series Back Lit Collimated Backlights Advanced Illumination - CP112 Fiber Optic Couplers Advanced Illumination - CXXXYY CX 2D Expandable, Edge Lit Collimated Backlights Advanced Illumination - DCS-100E Controller - Single Output Controller/3 Channels per Output Advanced Illumination - DCS-103E Controller Triple Output Controller / 1 Channel per Output Advanced Illumination - DCS-400E Quad Controller Advanced Illumination - DCS-800E Quad X2 Controller     Türkiyede Advanced illumination ürünleri ile ilgili  uygun rekabetçi fiyatları almak için müşteri temsilcimiz ile  http://www.imajteknik.com.tr/bize-ulasin veya Fiyat teklifi formunu  doldurarak mesaj bırakmanız halinde satış mühendislerimiz en kısa zamanda sizinle irtibat kuracaklardır.

Türkiyede Advanced illumination ürünleri ile ilgili  uygun rekabetçi fiyatları almak için müşteri temsilcimiz ile  http://www.imajteknik.com.tr/bize-ulasin veya Fiyat teklifi formunu  doldurarak mesaj bırakmanız halinde satış mühendislerimiz en kısa zamanda sizinle irtibat kuracaklardır.

Dome Lights provide diffuse lighting, also known as “cloudy-day illumination”. Reflected light provides non-directional, soft illumination that is free of shadowing. Flat Diffuse Lights are often referred to as “Flat Domes” because of the similar performance characteristics they share with classic domed illuminators. If sufficiently over-sized compared with the object of interest, flat diffuse lights can provide an adequate “Cloudy Day” lighting effect at a larger range of working distances than domes.

Allied Vision

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves consisting of varying electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation and perpendicular to each other.

Figure 2.3.17 shows the effect of two polarizing filters on originally unpolarized light. The first filter polarizes the light along its axis. When the axes of the first and second filters are aligned (parallel), then all of the polarized light passed by the first filter is also passed by the second. If the second polarizing filter is rotated, only the component of the light parallel to the second filter’s axis is passed. When the axes are perpendicular, no light is passed by the second.

Metaphase technologies

To examine this further, consider the transverse waves in the ropes shown in Figure 2.3.13. The oscillations in one rope are in a vertical plane and are said to be vertically polarized. Those in the other rope are in a horizontal plane and are horizontally polarized. If a vertical slit is placed on the first rope, the waves pass through. However, a vertical slit blocks the horizontally polarized waves. For EM waves, the direction of the electric field vector E is analogous to the disturbances on the ropes (Figure 2.3.14).

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Polarizing filters have a polarization axis that acts as a slit. This slit passes electromagnetic waves (often visible light) that have an electric field parallel to the axis. This is accomplished with long molecules aligned perpendicular to the axis as shown in Figure 2.3.15.

Polarizers are composed of long molecules aligned in one direction. Thinking of the molecules as many slits, analogous to those for the oscillating ropes, we can understand why only light with a specific polarization can get through. The axis of a polarizing filter is the direction along which the filter passes the electric field of an EM wave (see Figure 2.3.13).

In flat screen LCD televisions, there is a large light at the back of the TV. The light travels to the front screen through millions of tiny units called pixels (picture elements). One of these is shown in Figure 2.3.19 (a) and (b). Each unit has three cells, with red, blue, or green filters, each controlled independently. When the voltage across a liquid crystal is switched off, the liquid crystal passes the light through the particular filter. One can vary the picture contrast by varying the strength of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal.

Watch the first 6 minutes of the video below to see a practical overview of plane polarized light, using crossed polarizers, and how a third polarizer (which is how many minerals act) can be used to increase light output from crossed polarizers.

Dark Field Lights provide illumination that is projected at a shallow angle to the imaging surface, 45 degrees or less. Very low angle dark field ring lights must be deployed at close working distances to be effective.

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EFFILUX

Figure 2.3.16 illustrates how the component of the electric field parallel to the long molecules is absorbed. An electromagnetic wave is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The electric field is strong compared with the magnetic field and is more effective in exerting force on charges in the molecules. The most affected charged particles are the electrons in the molecules, since electron masses are small. If the electron is forced to oscillate, it can absorb energy from the EM wave. This reduces the fields in the wave and, hence, reduces its intensity. In long molecules, electrons can more easily oscillate parallel to the molecule than in the perpendicular direction. The electrons are bound to the molecule and are more restricted in their movement perpendicular to the molecule. Thus, the electrons can absorb EM waves that have a component of their electric field parallel to the molecule. The electrons are much less responsive to electric fields perpendicular to the molecule and will allow those fields to pass. Thus the axis of the polarizing filter is perpendicular to the length of the molecule.

Bar Lights, also known as Linear Array Lights, offer both bright field and dark field illumination, depending on angle of incidence with respect to the object of interest. Because of the variety of lengths available, bar lights are useful for large area illumination when used in opposing pairs or in a picture frame mounting orientation. Bar Lights can also be used in replacement of Spot or Ring Lights when greater intensity is required.

Back Lighting provides an area of uniform illumination which when oriented behind the object of interest it can be used to create a part silhouette of instant contrast between dark and light.

Each of the separated rays has a specific polarization. One behaves normally and is called the ordinary ray (o or ω), whereas the other does not obey Snell’s law and is called the extraordinary ray (e or ε). Birefringent crystals can be used to produce polarized beams from unpolarized light. Some birefringent materials preferentially absorb one of the polarizations. These materials are called dichroic and can produce polarization by this preferential absorption. This is fundamentally how polarizing filters and other polarizers work. We will use the property of birefringence to help us identify and distinguish minerals in thin section!

Only the component of the EM wave parallel to the axis of a filter is passed. Let us call the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of a filter θ. If the electric field has an amplitude E, then the transmitted part of the wave has an amplitude E cos θ (see Figure 2.3.18). Since the intensity of a wave is proportional to its amplitude squared, the intensity I of the transmitted wave is related to the incident wave by I = I0 cos2 θ, where I0 is the intensity of the polarized wave before passing through the filter.

Bright Field Ring Lights provide illumination directly onto an object, at angles of above 45 degrees from horizontal, creating distinct shadows or general purpose illumination depending on subjects features.

They may be used to create both bright field and dark field effects, depending on the light angle of incidence. Working distances can be short to long, depending on available intensity and beam spread. Small spot lights are beneficial when deployed in tight spaces.