Photo 2022 © Karen Hutton | FUJIFILM X-H2 and FUJINON XF100-400mmF4.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, 1/6900 sec at F13, ISO 250 | Created at 559mm (35mm equivalent)

After reading that alone, you may be curious as to why anyone would choose a prime lens in the first place, but there is more to consider when choosing between the two. Read on to understand the differences between each one.

Photo 2022 © Karen Hutton | FUJIFILM X-H2 and FUJINON XF18-135mmF3.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, 1/160 sec at F8, ISO 1600 | Created at 165mm (35mm equivalent)

Focal lengthof lens formula

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Photo 2023 © Michael Clark | FUJIFILM GFX100 II and FUJINON GF250mmF4 R LM OIS WR + GF1.4X TC WR, 1/2500 sec at F8, ISO 2000

Wind speeds reported on CAMNET are strictly in the horizontal direction. Air, however, also travels in vertical directions. When vertical wind speeds (or venting) are high, pollutants are dispersed vertically and do not become concentrated at the ground. Venting is strongest during clear daylight hours.

The X-Trans CMOS sensor has a crop factor of 1.5. GFX System’s sensor has a crop factor of 0.79 (see Table 1). By multiplying the focal length of the lens by the crop factor of the sensor it’s compatible with, you can work out the lens’s 35mm equivalent.

What isfocal lengthof lens

The internal construction of zoom lenses is more complicated than prime lenses because they require additional lens elements and zoom mechanisms to accommodate the different focal lengths offered. This often makes them larger, heavier, and more expensive than prime lenses. For many photographers, that is a small price to pay for the convenience.

As such, a lens’s focal length is the first number you will read in the names of most lenses on the market. But what exactly is focal length, how is it calculated, and which focal lengths are best suited to which applications? In this article, we aim to answer all these questions with a complete guide to focal length.

High levels of relative humidity are often associated with high levels of ozone and fine particles. In the case of fine particles, high humidity can lead directly to increases in the size and concentration of fine particles. This occurs because certain types of fine particles, especially sulfates, are capable of absorbing water vapor. Once hydrated and enlarged, these particles cause light to scatter, which results in a whitish, regional haze. Sometimes, visibility is limited mostly by low clouds, fog, or rain, and not by air pollution. These situations can be visually distinguished from man-made haze after learning how they differ in grayness, thickness and homogeneity. They are also characterized by extremely high levels of relative humidity (in the mid to upper 90s).

The display panel for the visibility data shows the air pollution and meteorological conditions associated with the photograph. These data are collected at the site of the camera or at another location within the scene of the photograph.

Hopefully by now you have a good idea of what focal length is, how it affects angle of view, and indeed how it can best be utilized. But even with this knowledge, it can still be hard to decide which focal length is best for you.

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Between 24mm and 35mm Angle of view: Between 84° and 63° Great for: Landscape, astro, architecture, interiors, action, group portraits Not so great for: Individual portraits, wildlife

Focal length examplesnikon

X Series: XF27mmF2.8 R WR, XF33mmF1.4 R LM WR, XF35mmF2 R WR GFX System: GF45mmF2.8 R WR, GF55mmF1.7 R WR, GF80mmF1.7 R WR

Therefore, going back to our earlier example, XF50mmF2 R WR has an equivalent focal length of approximately 75mm, while GF50mmF3.5 R LM WR has an equivalent focal length of approximately 40mm.

What isfocal lengthof lens class 10

Photo 2023 © Marisa Kraft | FUJIFILM X-S20 and FUJINON XF8-16mmF2.8 R LM WR, 1/2000 sec at F2.8, ISO 100 | Created at 17mm (35mm equivalent)

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Between 70mm and 135mm Angle of view: Between 34° and 18° Great for: Portrait, macro Not so great for: Architecture, interiors

If measured amounts of precipitation are shown on the visibility information panel, then poor visibility conditions are likely due to natural phenomena, especially if the precipitation has been measured within the past hour.

Fine particles, also called particulate matter (PM), are a mix of microscopic solids and liquids. They can be emitted directly into the air during any process involving burning or combustion, including activities around the home (e.g. cooking, smoking, space heating, and open burning) and those involving motor vehicles, various engines, power plants, and other such sources. Fine particles also form when gasses such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react and condense in the atmosphere. These gasses come from the same sources noted above. They also come from the evaporation of fuels and household and industrial solvents.

Wide-angle lenses are lenses with an equivalent focal length of between 24mm and 35mm. They offer a wide angle of view that makes it possible to fit a large amount into the frame, while avoiding the distortion of perspective that can be experienced with ultra wide-angle lenses. This balance makes them a firm favorite for photographers who want to frame sprawling panoramas, towering skyscrapers, or tight interiors. They are also excellent for erratically moving subjects.

This variety of gasses and direct particle emissions results in a mixture of fine particles with different sizes, chemical properties, and health and environmental impacts. Fine particle levels are highest on warm, sunny days and on clear, calm winter mornings.

This means, for example, that although FUJINON XF50mmF2 R WR (X Series) and FUJINON GF50mmF3.5 R LM WR (GFX System) lenses both share a 50mm focal length, they actually produce very different images.

As you can see from Figure 1, a shorter focal length creates a wider angle of view, which means the subject appears smaller in the resulting image. Conversely, a longer focal length creates a narrower angle of view, which means the subject appears larger in the image.

Understandably, this has the potential to become quite confusing, that’s why the photographic industry works in 35mm equivalent focal lengths.

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Between 135mm and 400mm Angle of view: Between 18° and 6° Great for: Portrait, sport, wildlife Not so great for: Architecture, interiors, everyday

Medium and high levels of fine particle concentrations are a strong indication that poor visibility is due in large part to pollution. If fine particle concentrations are low, then any visibility impairment is not likely due to pollution, but to natural causes. To learn more about fine particles and visibility, see the Causes of Poor Visibility.

Focal length examplescamera

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The 35mm equivalent focal length – often referred to as equivalent focal length, 35mm equivalent, or equivalence – is a way of standardizing focal lengths across all sensor sizes.

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Ozone (O3) is a colorless, odorless gas. It occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere, where it absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays. But at ground level, it forms as result of air pollution from cars, trucks, busses, power plants, fuel and paint vapors, and other sources. Ozone is good up high, but bad nearby. Concentrations may reach unhealthy levels on warm, sunny days. During the summer, ozone can be unhealthy for several days in a row.

Different digital cameras can have different-sized image sensors. For example, FUJIFILM X Series cameras use an APS-C sensor that measures 23.5×15.6mm, while FUJIFILM GFX System cameras use a much larger sensor measuring 43.9×32.9mm.

Because zoom lenses combine many different focal lengths into one lens, photographers can enjoy versatility without having to carry multiple lenses around with them. Furthermore, selecting a different focal length is as quick and simple as twisting the zoom ring, as opposed to switching lenses altogether.

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Over 400mm Angle of view: Less than 6° Great for: Sport, wildlife, astro Not so great for: Architecture, interiors, street, documentary

Wind direction determines where pollutants are going, and where they are coming from. The wind direction shown on the CAMNET display panel shows the direction the wind is coming from. For example, a wind direction of NE would be blowing from the Northeast. In most Northeast and Mid-Atlantic locations, a wind direction of W, SW, or S during the summer is often associated with high pollution levels.

For example, many zoom lenses transcend the focal length categories outlined above, meaning they can be just as good for landscape and architecture as they are for portraits and even wildlife.

Ultra wide-angle lenses are lenses with an equivalent focal length of less than 24mm. With such a wide angle of view, these lenses allow you to fit an astonishing amount of your scene into the frame. However, this can bring with it a certain amount of distortion. As such, these lenses are usually reserved for more specialist uses, such as close-up sports and action, point of view (POV), grand interiors, or extremely large scenes such as the night sky.

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Put another way: to achieve a 50mm equivalent focal length with an X Series camera, you need to attach XF33mmF1.4 R LM WR, whereas to do so with a GFX System camera you need to attach GF63mmF2.8 R WR.

To learn more about the pollutants and meteorological conditions, please read on. Each of the types of data and its relation to visibility are described further below. Note that some CAMNET sites do not measure all of these variables.

What isfocal lengthin photography

However, only one focal length can be restrictive when out in the field, which means you would need to carry a selection of prime lenses with you to achieve the versatility of a zoom. Not only can this be cumbersome, it can also be time-consuming having to change between lenses.

Focal length examplesphotography

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A standard or normal lens is a lens with an equivalent focal length of between 35mm and 70mm, adopting an angle of view close to that of the human eye. This focal length is favored by documentary and street photographers because it achieves the most true-to-life depiction of the scene at hand. Such a natural angle of view means standard lenses are extremely versatile and, as such, can lend themselves to a variety of genres.

Use the following table to determine when poor visibility may be due to pollution or to natural conditions, such as fog.

Fine particles affect visibility in two ways -- by absorbing light and by scattering light. Light absorption causes a brownness or blackness in the air. This is most obvious over urban areas and valleys during calm mornings, especially in winter. It is primarily caused by diesel engines in urban areas. Light scattering causes a whitish haze, which is most obvious in the summer over widespread urban and rural areas. Most haze is caused by coal-fired emissions from power plants.

If black carbon concentrations are high when visibility is poor, then the visibility impairment is probably due to air pollution. An exception to this rule would be during periods of fog. Under these conditions, black carbon will tend to stagnate in local areas, hence raising their concentrations. However, most of the poor visibility will be due to the fog itself. When this happens, relative humidity will be near 100 percent and precipitation may be evident from the photo or indicated in the visibility information panel.

Furthermore, modern zoom lenses are very similar in size and quality to their prime counterparts. Check out XF16-80mmF4 R OIS WR, XF18-120mmF4 LM PZ WR, and XF70-300mmF4-5.6 R LM OIS WR from the XF Lens lineup.

Because it is an invisible gas, ozone does not directly affect visibility. But in the summer it is usually associated with pollution episodes involving haze and participates in chemical reactions that lead to haze-forming particles. Medium or high concentrations of ozone are a good indicator that poor visibility conditions are due to pollution. However, pollution can cause poor visibility without necessarily leading to high ozone concentrations.

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Focal length (35mm equivalent): Between 35mm and 70mm Angle of view: Between 63° and 34° Great for: Documentary, street, portrait, landscape, travel Not so great for: Wildlife, sports, architecture, interiors

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As you look at the scene and check it against the visibility data, you may wonder if the scene is as clear as it could be or if haze or fog is affecting the view. Here are some tips to help you interpret what you are seeing.

To make this easier to navigate, focal lengths are generally split into categories depending on their angle of view, from 8mm ultra wide-angle lenses to super telephoto lenses of more than 1800mm.

Focal length (35mm equivalent): Less than 24mm Angle of view: More than 84° Great for: Action, interior, astro Not so great for: Portrait, wildlife, documentary

Temperature is directly related to the concentrations of ozone, fine particles, and black carbon. Temperatures at or above the mid-80s (Fahrenheit) favor the evaporation and emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and increase the speed of chemical reactions leading to ozone and fine particles. Temperatures below 40 degrees may enhance the condensation of some fine particulate matter. High fine particle and black carbon concentrations may also occur at temperatures between 40 and 80 degrees, especially in the presence of low clouds, which can limit the dispersion of pollutants and concentrate them near the ground.

As rays of light pass through the lens, there is a point at which they converge. Focal length is the distance in millimeters between this point of convergence and the sensor or photographic film of the camera it is attached to.

Visual range is defined as the distance at which a black object can be discerned from a white background on the horizon. However, visual range is measured by instruments that capture small amounts of air at a fixed location on the earth's surface. This method sometimes overestimates the visual range, especially in foggy or rainy conditions.

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The extremely popular 35mm analog film cameras all used the same-size opening, which measured 36x24mm. Using this size as a benchmark, the 35mm equivalent focal length is calculated depending on how many times bigger or smaller the sensor in question is. This difference in size is often referred to as ‘crop factor’.

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For most photographers, focal length is the first thing to consider when choosing a lens as it has a direct relationship with the angle of view, which affects how much of your scene is visible in the frame, and indeed the magnification of your subject.

In that situation, you may wish to consider a zoom lens instead of a prime lens because a zoom lens combines lots of different focal lengths options into one.

Photo 2022 © Karen Hutton | FUJIFILM X-H2 and FUJINON XF100-400mmF4.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, 1/125 sec at F18, ISO 800 | Created at 150mm (35mm equivalent)

Photo 2023 © Bryan Minear | FUJIFILM X-T4 and FUJINON XF150-600mmF5.6-8 R LM OIS WR, 1/300 sec at F8, ISO 160 | Focal length: 900mm equivalent

A super telephoto lens is a lens with an equivalent focal length of over 400mm. With such a high magnification, these lenses are perfectly suited to framing scenes that are impossible to get close to. Examples might be an animal hunting in the wild, a player scoring at the opposite end of a sports field, or the moon in the night sky.

Because prime lenses only utilize one focal length, they require fewer internal lens elements and there is no space taken up by complicated zoom mechanisms. This means in some cases they can be smaller, lighter and faster. Additionally, with less glass for the light to travel through, some offer higher image quality.

Now you understand the basic principles of focal length and angle of view – and how one affects the other – it’s time to make things a little more complicated.

Focal lengthvs zoom

As you can see from Figure 2, while the focal length and angle of view remain the same in both cases, the field of view changes considerably with the size of the sensor.

High wind speeds (15 mph or greater) tend to disperse pollutants and prevent their accumulation. At these speeds, the amount of dispersion outweighs the transport effects, so high concentrations are unlikely to occur anywhere.

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Black carbon (BC) is one of the many components of fine particles. It is similar to soot and is emitted directly into the air from virtually all combustion activities. It is especially prevalent in diesel exhaust and smoke from the burning of wood and wastes. Black carbon absorbs light and contributes substantially to the low-altitude, brown clouds sometimes seen during the winter over urban areas and valleys.

Wind speed affects air pollution and visibility through its dispersive effects on pollutants. When winds are calm or light (0 to 5 mph), pollutants can accumulate and reach unhealthy levels. Light to moderate winds (5 to 10 mph) sometimes increase pollutants by mixing emissions from various sources, urban centers, and transportation corridors. These winds also transport pollutants further downwind and may therefore raise concentrations in places that might otherwise be clean.

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A mid-telephoto lens is a lens with an equivalent focal length between 70mm and 135mm. Mid-telephoto lenses are particularly favored by portrait photographers because of their flattering angle of view. Additionally, higher magnification allows photographers to stay an unobtrusive distance from their subject for more natural results. It also helps to create beautiful, blurred backgrounds that ensure subjects stand out in the frame.

A telephoto lens is a lens with an equivalent focal length between 135mm and 400mm. A higher magnification allows you to frame a scene from a distance, which is useful when you want to document a moment without influencing it. They are also excellent for picking out specific details from wider scenes and, by compressing perspective, they can create remarkable separation between a portrait subject and their background.

Before digital camera sensors were introduced, a camera would work by positioning a piece of photographic film over a shuttered opening, then releasing the spring-mounted shutter to let light through and make an exposure (learn more about the exposure process in our article about mirrorless cameras here).

Photo 2022 © Karen Hutton | FUJIFILM X-H2 and FUJINON XF100-400mmF4.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, 1/2100 sec at F5.6, ISO 320 | Created at 600mm (35mm equivalent)

Focal lengths can vary dramatically. This has a huge impact on how a scene is framed and a subject is depicted. Different focal lengths are better suited to different genres and situations.