Figure 10. Artist’s conception of an electron in a long molecule oscillating parallel to the molecule. The oscillation of the electron absorbs energy and reduces the intensity of the component of the EM wave that is parallel to the molecule.

Figure 1. These two photographs of a river show the effect of a polarizing filter in reducing glare in light reflected from the surface of water. Part (b) of this Figure was taken with a polarizing filter and part (a) was not. As a result, the reflection of clouds and sky observed in part (a) is not observed in part (b). Polarizing sunglasses are particularly useful on snow and water. (credit: Amithshs, Wikimedia Commons)

polarization极化

Light reflected at these angles could be completely blocked by a good polarizing filter held with its axis vertical. Brewster’s angle for water and air are similar to those for glass and air, so that sunglasses are equally effective for light reflected from either water or glass under similar circumstances. Light not reflected is refracted into these media. So at an incident angle equal to Brewster’s angle, the refracted light will be slightly polarized vertically. It will not be completely polarized vertically, because only a small fraction of the incident light is reflected, and so a significant amount of horizontally polarized light is refracted.

Figure 3. The transverse oscillations in one rope are in a vertical plane, and those in the other rope are in a horizontal plane. The first is said to be vertically polarized, and the other is said to be horizontally polarized. Vertical slits pass vertically polarized waves and block horizontally polarized waves.

Figure 6 shows the effect of two polarizing filters on originally unpolarized light. The first filter polarizes the light along its axis. When the axes of the first and second filters are aligned (parallel), then all of the polarized light passed by the first filter is also passed by the second. If the second polarizing filter is rotated, only the component of the light parallel to the second filter’s axis is passed. When the axes are perpendicular, no light is passed by the second.

Due to their construction, lines of light are classified as direct lighting, which, compared to indirect lighting like coves, are more energy-efficient but can potentially produce increased glare. Therefore, lines of light should be designed with care and, in most cases, should be dimmable. This article will provide detailed guidance on how to achieve the best results with lines of light.

Incorporate smart controls, such as motion sensors, timers, and mobile app integration, to further customize the lighting experience and save energy. These controls allow users to adjust lighting based on their needs, preferences, and occupancy patterns, leading to increased energy efficiency and convenience. Here also, the Casambi system is our recommendation.

Many crystals and solutions rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them. Such substances are said to be optically active. Examples include sugar water, insulin, and collagen (see Figure 13). In addition to depending on the type of substance, the amount and direction of rotation depends on a number of factors. Among these is the concentration of the substance, the distance the light travels through it, and the wavelength of light. Optical activity is due to the asymmetric shape of molecules in the substance, such as being helical. Measurements of the rotation of polarized light passing through substances can thus be used to measure concentrations, a standard technique for sugars. It can also give information on the shapes of molecules, such as proteins, and factors that affect their shapes, such as temperature and pH.

For visible, direct light lines, it's crucial to evenly backlight the translucent cover to prevent hotspots. To achieve this, use LED strips with at least 140 LEDs per meter. For optimal results, consider LED strips with 140 LEDs per meter or COB LED strips with continuous light, specifically designed for uninterrupted lines of light.

By now you can probably guess that Polaroid sunglasses cut the glare in reflected light because that light is polarized. You can check this for yourself by holding Polaroid sunglasses in front of you and rotating them while looking at light reflected from water or glass. As you rotate the sunglasses, you will notice the light gets bright and dim, but not completely black. This implies the reflected light is partially polarized and cannot be completely blocked by a polarizing filter.

Figure 15. Birefringent materials, such as the common mineral calcite, split unpolarized beams of light into two. The ordinary ray behaves as expected, but the extraordinary ray does not obey Snell’s law.

Figure 9. Long molecules are aligned perpendicular to the axis of a polarizing filter. The component of the electric field in an EM wave perpendicular to these molecules passes through the filter, while the component parallel to the molecules is absorbed.

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Figure 8. Polarization by reflection. Unpolarized light has equal amounts of vertical and horizontal polarization. After interaction with a surface, the vertical components are preferentially absorbed or refracted, leaving the reflected light more horizontally polarized. This is akin to arrows striking on their sides bouncing off, whereas arrows striking on their tips go into the surface.

Circular polarization

To examine this further, consider the transverse waves in the ropes shown in Figure 3. The oscillations in one rope are in a vertical plane and are said to be vertically polarized. Those in the other rope are in a horizontal plane and are horizontally polarized. If a vertical slit is placed on the first rope, the waves pass through. However, a vertical slit blocks the horizontally polarized waves. For EM waves, the direction of the electric field is analogous to the disturbances on the ropes.

While you are undoubtedly aware of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) found in watches, calculators, computer screens, cellphones, flat screen televisions, and other myriad places, you may not be aware that they are based on polarization. Liquid crystals are so named because their molecules can be aligned even though they are in a liquid. Liquid crystals have the property that they can rotate the polarization of light passing through them by 90º. Furthermore, this property can be turned off by the application of a voltage, as illustrated in Figure 12. It is possible to manipulate this characteristic quickly and in small well-defined regions to create the contrast patterns we see in so many LCD devices.

Selecting suitable aluminum profiles and translucent covers is crucial for achieving the desired lighting effect. The aluminum profile should be designed to facilitate easy installation and provide adequate heat dissipation to extend the LED strip's lifespan. The translucent cover should evenly diffuse light, prevent hotspots, and minimize glare.

Glass and plastic become optically active when stressed; the greater the stress, the greater the effect. Optical stress analysis on complicated shapes can be performed by making plastic models of them and observing them through crossed filters, as seen in Figure 14. It is apparent that the effect depends on wavelength as well as stress. The wavelength dependence is sometimes also used for artistic purposes.

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Photographs of the sky can be darkened by polarizing filters, a trick used by many photographers to make clouds brighter by contrast. Scattering from other particles, such as smoke or dust, can also polarize light. Detecting polarization in scattered EM waves can be a useful analytical tool in determining the scattering source.

Figure 12. (a) Polarized light is rotated 90º by a liquid crystal and then passed by a polarizing filter that has its axis perpendicular to the original polarization direction. (b) When a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal, the polarized light is not rotated and is blocked by the filter, making the region dark in comparison with its surroundings. (c) LCDs can be made color specific, small, and fast enough to use in laptop computers and TVs. (credit: Jon Sullivan)

Linear polarization

Let the lighting purpose dictate the type and brightness of the light source. Use the following luminous flux values per meter of LED strip as a reference:

Polarization oflight

A fairly large angle between the direction of polarization and the filter axis is needed to reduce the intensity to 10.0% of its original value. This seems reasonable based on experimenting with polarizing films. It is interesting that, at an angle of 45º, the intensity is reduced to 50% of its original value (as you will show in this section’s Problems & Exercises). Note that 71.6º is 18.4º from reducing the intensity to zero, and that at an angle of 18.4º the intensity is reduced to 90.0% of its original value (as you will also show in Problems & Exercises), giving evidence of symmetry.

Additionally, the Casambi system offers compatibility with a wide range of LED drivers and modules, making it a versatile choice for different lighting applications. Its energy-saving features, combined with the convenience of wireless control, make the Casambi dimming system a popular choice for those looking to enhance the functionality and efficiency of their LED light strip installations.

Since the part of the light that is not reflected is refracted, the amount of polarization depends on the indices of refraction of the media involved. It can be shown that reflected light is completely polarized at a angle of reflection θb, given by [latex]\tan\theta_{\text{b}}=\frac{n_2}{n_1}\\[/latex], where n1 is the medium in which the incident and reflected light travel and n2 is the index of refraction of the medium that forms the interface that reflects the light. This equation is known as Brewster’s law, and θb is known as Brewster’s angle, named after the 19th-century Scottish physicist who discovered them.

For example, if "LEDs 1" are used initially, and their light changes as demonstrated in the image on the right, replacing only some sections with "LEDs 2" will worsen the lack of uniformity, as shown in the image below.

polarization: the attribute that wave oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave

The key advantage of the Casambi dimming system is its user-friendly interface, allowing for easy customization of lighting settings, including dimming, color temperature adjustments, and scene creations. The system supports smooth and flicker-free dimming, ensuring optimal visual comfort and a pleasant ambiance.

Figure 8 illustrates what happens when unpolarized light is reflected from a surface. Vertically polarized light is preferentially refracted at the surface, so that the reflected light is left more horizontally polarized. The reasons for this phenomenon are beyond the scope of this text, but a convenient mnemonic for remembering this is to imagine the polarization direction to be like an arrow. Vertical polarization would be like an arrow perpendicular to the surface and would be more likely to stick and not be reflected. Horizontal polarization is like an arrow bouncing on its side and would be more likely to be reflected. Sunglasses with vertical axes would then block more reflected light than unpolarized light from other sources.

Figure 5. A polarizing filter has a polarization axis that acts as a slit passing through electric fields parallel to its direction. The direction of polarization of an EM wave is defined to be the direction of its electric field.

Full spectrum LED strips with CRI98+ with SunLike Tri-R technology from Toshiba and Seoul Semiconductor for the most natural lighting possible, up to 2000 lm/m:

Figure 13. Optical activity is the ability of some substances to rotate the plane of polarization of light passing through them. The rotation is detected with a polarizing filter or analyzer.

Figure 7. A polarizing filter transmits only the component of the wave parallel to its axis, , reducing the intensity of any light not polarized parallel to its axis.

Brewster’s law: [latex]\tan\theta_{\text{b}}=\frac{{n}_{2}}{{n}_{1}}\\[/latex], where n1 is the medium in which the incident and reflected light travel and n2 is the index of refraction of the medium that forms the interface that reflects the light

To maximize luminous flux and minimize energy consumption, opt for LED modules or strips with high energy efficiency, boasting at least 125 lm/w. When incorporating lines of light into areas where the light may be partially obscured and enter by reflection, avoid absorbent surfaces like dark paint or wood. Instead, use white or light-colored wood surfaces.

Figure 4. The slender arrow represents a ray of unpolarized light. The bold arrows represent the direction of polarization of the individual waves composing the ray. Since the light is unpolarized, the arrows point in all directions.

Find Polaroid sunglasses and rotate one while holding the other still and look at different surfaces and objects. Explain your observations. What is the difference in angle from when you see a maximum intensity to when you see a minimum intensity? Find a reflective glass surface and do the same. At what angle does the glass need to be oriented to give minimum glare?

Figure 14. Optical stress analysis of a plastic lens placed between crossed polarizers. (credit: Infopro, Wikimedia Commons)

What angle is needed between the direction of polarized light and the axis of a polarizing filter to reduce its intensity by 90.0%?

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17. (a) 2.07 × 10−2 °C/s; (b) Yes, the polarizing filters get hot because they absorb some of the lost energy from the sunlight.

Light is one type of electromagnetic (EM) wave. As noted earlier, EM waves are transverse waves consisting of varying electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation (see Figure 2). There are specific directions for the oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. Polarization is the attribute that a wave’s oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave. (This is not the same type of polarization as that discussed for the separation of charges.) Waves having such a direction are said to be polarized. For an EM wave, we define the direction of polarization to be the direction parallel to the electric field. Thus we can think of the electric field arrows as showing the direction of polarization, as in Figure 2.

LED strips should be easy to install over long distances and require minimal auxiliary items like wires, connectors, screws, or transformers. Opt for a large capacity transformer instead of multiple smaller ones to minimize the number of components.

To cater to different lighting needs and preferences, select dimmable LED strips or modules for lines of light installations. Dimmable lighting allows for better control over brightness levels, reducing glare, and ensuring optimal visual comfort for various tasks and activities.

Electric polarization

Select the Correct LED Light Source with the Appropriate Light Output and Number of LEDsLines of light can serve various purposes, from guiding people and accentuating architectural features to creating a specific design aesthetic while providing ambient, general, or task lighting.

When the intensity is reduced by 90.0%, it is 10.0% or 0.100 times its original value. That is, I = 0.100I0. Using this information, the equation I = I0 cos2 θ can be used to solve for the needed angle.

For general lighting purposes, select LED strips or modules that closely mimic daylight in terms of spectrum or color temperature. LEDs with full spectrum technology, such as Nichia Optisolis and Seoul Semiconductor SunLike, offer near-daylight spectra and top CRI scores.

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All we need to solve these problems are the indices of refraction. Air has n1 = 1.00, water has n2 = 1.333, and crown glass has n′2=1.520. The equation [latex]\tan\theta_{\text{b}}=\frac{n_2}{n_1}\\[/latex] can be directly applied to find θb in each case.

polarization中文

Figure 2. An EM wave, such as light, is a transverse wave. The electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Another interesting phenomenon associated with polarized light is the ability of some crystals to split an unpolarized beam of light into two. Such crystals are said to be birefringent (see Figure 15). Each of the separated rays has a specific polarization. One behaves normally and is called the ordinary ray, whereas the other does not obey Snell’s law and is called the extraordinary ray. Birefringent crystals can be used to produce polarized beams from unpolarized light. Some birefringent materials preferentially absorb one of the polarizations. These materials are called dichroic and can produce polarization by this preferential absorption. This is fundamentally how polarizing filters and other polarizers work. The interested reader is invited to further pursue the numerous properties of materials related to polarization.

Polaroid sunglasses are familiar to most of us. They have a special ability to cut the glare of light reflected from water or glass (see Figure 1). Polaroids have this ability because of a wave characteristic of light called polarization. What is polarization? How is it produced? What are some of its uses? The answers to these questions are related to the wave character of light.

The Sun and many other light sources produce waves that are randomly polarized (see Figure 4). Such light is said to be unpolarized because it is composed of many waves with all possible directions of polarization. Polaroid materials, invented by the founder of Polaroid Corporation, Edwin Land, act as a polarizing slit for light, allowing only polarization in one direction to pass through. Polarizing filters are composed of long molecules aligned in one direction. Thinking of the molecules as many slits, analogous to those for the oscillating ropes, we can understand why only light with a specific polarization can get through. The axis of a polarizing filter is the direction along which the filter passes the electric field of an EM wave (see Figure 5).

Choose durable LED light sources with minimal color shift over time, particularly for large installations. If the light source's brightness fades too soon or the color temperature changes, the entire installation may need to be replaced to maintain uniform lighting.

Lines of light have emerged as a popular trend in contemporary lighting design, offering endless possibilities for personalization and adaptability. Typically, created using LED strips inside an aluminum profile with a translucent white cover, these linear light fixtures can be customized in terms of pattern, installation location, length, and geometric shape.

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Only the component of the EM wave parallel to the axis of a filter is passed. Let us call the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of a filter θ. If the electric field has an amplitude E, then the transmitted part of the wave has an amplitude E cos θ (see Figure 7). Since the intensity of a wave is proportional to its amplitude squared, the intensity I of the transmitted wave is related to the incident wave by I = I0 cos2 θ, where I0 is the intensity of the polarized wave before passing through the filter. (The above equation is known as Malus’s law.)

Figure 6. The effect of rotating two polarizing filters, where the first polarizes the light. (a) All of the polarized light is passed by the second polarizing filter, because its axis is parallel to the first. (b) As the second is rotated, only part of the light is passed. (c) When the second is perpendicular to the first, no light is passed. (d) In this photograph, a polarizing filter is placed above two others. Its axis is perpendicular to the filter on the right (dark area) and parallel to the filter on the left (lighter area). (credit: P.P. Urone)

Circularlypolarized light

If you hold your Polaroid sunglasses in front of you and rotate them while looking at blue sky, you will see the sky get bright and dim. This is a clear indication that light scattered by air is partially polarized. Figure 11 helps illustrate how this happens. Since light is a transverse EM wave, it vibrates the electrons of air molecules perpendicular to the direction it is traveling. The electrons then radiate like small antennae. Since they are oscillating perpendicular to the direction of the light ray, they produce EM radiation that is polarized perpendicular to the direction of the ray. When viewing the light along a line perpendicular to the original ray, as in Figure 11, there can be no polarization in the scattered light parallel to the original ray, because that would require the original ray to be a longitudinal wave. Along other directions, a component of the other polarization can be projected along the line of sight, and the scattered light will only be partially polarized. Furthermore, multiple scattering can bring light to your eyes from other directions and can contain different polarizations.

There is a range of optical effects used in sunglasses. Besides being Polaroid, other sunglasses have colored pigments embedded in them, while others use non-reflective or even reflective coatings. A recent development is photochromic lenses, which darken in the sunlight and become clear indoors. Photochromic lenses are embedded with organic microcrystalline molecules that change their properties when exposed to UV in sunlight, but become clear in artificial lighting with no UV.

[latex]\tan\theta_{\text{b}}=\frac{n_2}{n_1}\\[/latex] gives [latex]\tan\theta_{\text{b}}=\frac{n_2}{n_1}=\frac{1.333}{1.00}=1.333\\[/latex].

Before installing lines of light, create a detailed plan that includes measurements and layout. Accurate planning ensures a seamless installation process and prevents the need for adjustments or re-installation later. Additionally, consider potential obstacles, such as furniture or structural elements, that may impact light distribution and make necessary adjustments to the layout.

Figure 10 illustrates how the component of the electric field parallel to the long molecules is absorbed. An electromagnetic wave is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. The electric field is strong compared with the magnetic field and is more effective in exerting force on charges in the molecules. The most affected charged particles are the electrons in the molecules, since electron masses are small. If the electron is forced to oscillate, it can absorb energy from the EM wave. This reduces the fields in the wave and, hence, reduces its intensity. In long molecules, electrons can more easily oscillate parallel to the molecule than in the perpendicular direction. The electrons are bound to the molecule and are more restricted in their movement perpendicular to the molecule. Thus, the electrons can absorb EM waves that have a component of their electric field parallel to the molecule. The electrons are much less responsive to electric fields perpendicular to the molecule and will allow those fields to pass. Thus the axis of the polarizing filter is perpendicular to the length of the molecule.

Brewster’s angle: [latex]{\theta }_{\text{b}}={\tan}^{-1}\left(\frac{{n}_{2}}{{n}_{1}}\right)\\[/latex], where n2 is the index of refraction of the medium from which the light is reflected and n1 is the index of refraction of the medium in which the reflected light travels

Polarizing filters have a polarization axis that acts as a slit. This slit passes electromagnetic waves (often visible light) that have an electric field parallel to the axis. This is accomplished with long molecules aligned perpendicular to the axis as shown in Figure 9.

Lines of light offer endless design possibilities and flexibility in both residential and commercial settings. By following the guidelines provided in this comprehensive guide, you can create visually appealing, energy-efficient, and comfortable lighting environments that cater to various needs and preferences. With careful planning, selection, and installation, lines of light can enhance the overall aesthetics, functionality, and ambiance of any space.

Polarization

Figure 11. Polarization by scattering. Unpolarized light scattering from air molecules shakes their electrons perpendicular to the direction of the original ray. The scattered light therefore has a polarization perpendicular to the original direction and none parallel to the original direction.

Numerous lines of light within a space can cause glare, which may impact well-being or productivity. To mitigate this issue, place lines of light at the edges of a space, enabling the light to uniformly wash down a wall.

In flat screen LCD televisions, there is a large light at the back of the TV. The light travels to the front screen through millions of tiny units called pixels (picture elements). One of these is shown in Figure 12 (a) and (b). Each unit has three cells, with red, blue, or green filters, each controlled independently. When the voltage across a liquid crystal is switched off, the liquid crystal passes the light through the particular filter. One can vary the picture contrast by varying the strength of the voltage applied to the liquid crystal.

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A significant benefit of the Casambi system is its scalability and adaptability. It is suitable for both small residential projects and large-scale commercial installations, with the ability to control multiple lighting fixtures and create various lighting zones.

We recommend the Casambi dimming system, an innovative wireless lighting control solution specifically designed for LED light strips and other smart lighting products. It operates on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, enabling users to control and adjust their lighting systems directly from a smartphone, tablet, or smartwatch without the need for complex installations or additional hardware.

iFlex-RGBW-1080 LED Strip RGB-White CRI80 3000K 1180lm 5V 60 individually controllable LEDs/m 5m reel Be the first to review this product €99.00 Stock >100 pcs LumProtect IP67 LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip warm white CRI80 2700K 4700lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (840lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €199.90 Ships in 8-10 Weeks (with MOQ) LumProtect IP67 LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip pure white CRI80 4000K 4900lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (980lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €199.90 Ships in 8-10 Weeks (with MOQ) LumProtect IP67 LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip cold white CRI80 6500K 5100lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (1020lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €199.90 Ships in 8-10 Weeks (with MOQ) LumProtect IP67 LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip warm white CRI80 3000K 4900lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (980lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €199.90 Ships in 8-10 Weeks (with MOQ) LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip warm white CRI80 3000K 4900lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (980lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €39.90 Stock >10 pcs LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip warm white CRI80 2700K 3045lm 24V 70 LEDs/m 5m reel (609lm/m 4.14W/m) Be the first to review this product €34.90 Stock >100 pcs LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip pure white CRI80 4000K 3395lm 24V 70 LEDs/m 5m reel (680lm/m 4.14W/m) Be the first to review this product €34.90 Stock >500 pcs LumiFlex-RGBW-1080 ECO LED Strip RGB-White CRI70+ 3000K 1000lm 12V 60 LEDs/m 5m reel Be the first to review this product €49.00 Stock >10 pcs LumiFlex-RGB-1080 ECO LED Strip RGB 1000lm 24V 60 LEDs/m 5m reel Be the first to review this product €39.00 Stock >10 pcs LumiFlex1080 COB LED Strip with continuous light cold white CRI90 6000K 4300lm 24V 5m reel (860lm/m and 9W/m) Be the first to review this product €99.00 Stock >10 pcs LumiFlex1080 COB LED Strip with continuous light warm white CRI90 3000K 4200lm 24V 5m reel (840lm/m and 9W/m) Be the first to review this product €99.00 Low Stock, only 7 pcs. LumiFlex1095 Seoul LED Strip warm white CRI95 3000K 3600lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (720lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €69.90 Ask for time LumiFlex1095 Seoul LED Strip warm white CRI95 2700K 3600lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (720lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €69.90 Ask for time LumiFlex1095 Seoul LED Strip pure white CRI95 4000K 4100lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (820lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €69.90 Ask for time LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip cold white CRI80 6500K 5100lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (1020lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €49.90 Ask for time LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip pure white CRI80 4000K 4900lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (980lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €39.90 Stock >10 pcs LumiFlex1080 Seoul LED Strip warm white CRI80 2700K 4700lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (840lm/m 7.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €39.90 Stock >10 pcs SideFlex 700 Nichia LED Strip neutral white 4000K 3650lm 24V 140 LEDs/m 5m reel (730lm/m 9.6W/m) Be the first to review this product €231.91 Stock >10 pcs LumiFlex-RGB-2080 Osram LED Strip RGB 2475lm 24V 60 LEDs/m 5m reel (max 495lm/m 11.2W/m) Be the first to review this product €199.85 Stock >10 pcs