Did you know that scientists today are very close to successfully inventing an invisibility cloak? If you think this is magic, you are wrong. The aim of these scientists is to make a fabric that will hide objects completely, at least in visible light. This is based on a fundamental scientific principle: the principle of refraction. According to this, light travels from one medium to another and changes its direction.

Opticaprism

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Doveprism

In a dense medium like a liquid or solid the atoms/molecules interact mechanically with their neighbours i.e. vibrations of the atom/molecule can be transmitted to neighbouring atoms/molecules and vice versa. In these conditions it is very likely that the excited atom/molecule will transfer its extra energy into mechanical vibrations before it has a chance to re-emit the energy as light. The end result is that the light is turned into vibrational energy i.e. heat.

Refraction byprism

If you move to very high-energy photons which are absorbed in the nucleus, the rules get messier but the basics are the same: the particles in the nucleus have their own set of energy states (or energy of fission) which have to match the photon energy. That's very top level, of course.

A rainbow is formed when sunlight passes through water droplets and disperses into the 7 colours it is made up of. In fact, rainbow-like substances can be formed even when light passes through a prism. Due to the shape of a prism, dispersion of light can take place when it passes through it. To understand this, let’s understand how refraction occurs when light passes through a glass prism.

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Opticalprism

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prism是什么

This is how a ray of white light scatters into 7 colours when it passes through a prism. The different colours of light waves experience a different degree of deviation; thus, white light splits into its components when subjected to refraction.

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Polyprism

If you start with an isolated atom or molecule, the a photon of the right frequency can be absorbed by exciting the atom/molecule to a higher energy state. Why this happens is discussed in my answer to How do photons know they can or can't excite electrons in atoms?. The excited state will decay back to the ground state and re-emit a photon. So the light is not lost though it may be scattered into a different direction.

Prism

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Rectangularprism

I found this question on a hobby science forum (mainly about chemistry) and found embarrassingly that I couldn't answer the question. A few searches along the lines of 'photons absorption' here on Ph.SE yielded surprisingly little.

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In a comment the OP mentions coloured glass as an example of what is meant by absorption. If we take for example green glass, this is frequently coloured using iron (II) salts. Light is absorbed and promotes electrons between the $\text{Fe}^{2+}$ $3d$ orbitals (the $3d$ orbitals are split into different energies by the environment). The excited electrons relax by transferring energy to the surrounding chemical bonds as vibrational excitations, which turns the absorbed light into heat.

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The real answer is " quantum magic." Otherwise, it's simply an observed effect that a photon will be absorbed when its energy matches the transition energy of an electron (said electron gaining potential energy).

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