Köhlerillumination

For certain samples (primarily biological), fluorescence illumination is also used, in which the sample is illuminated at a very specific wavelength. This excites the sample to fluorescence.

The light comes sideways onto the specimen and the flat surface of the specimen reflects it outside the objective (dark).

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Widefield microscope

In differential interference contrast (DIC), two perpendicular waves pass through the object, making differences in the density of structures visible. In contrast to phase contrast, however, in DIC the contrast can be adjusted continuously, thus changing the brightness and color of the background

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Criticalillumination

With the excitation filter, only the wavelength for blue light is transmitted from the white light of an HBO light source. The sample is excited to fluorescence and only the light of a specified wavelength is transmitted through the blocking filter.

In    Reflected light microscopy   the light source sits above the sample. The light is reflected from the surface of the sample into the microscope.

With both types there is the bright field illumination, dark field illumination, theillumination with polarized light and the interference contrast.

Darkfieldmicroscopy

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Only the part of the light that oscillates parallel to the optical axis of the polarizing filter is transmitted through the polarizer. The intensity is therefore very low.