202253 — The standard technique is the 3-point setup. This consists of the main light source (the key light) along with the fill light and backlight.

Light Shaping Diffusers® use surface relief structures that are replicated from a holographically-recorded master. These pseudo-random, non-periodic structures can manipulate light by changing the direction of its energy. The result is the elimination of Moiré, color over-angle, and precise angular beam control.

Condensermicroscope function

How does a Luminit's LED hiding film help lighting designers and lighting manufacturers? Luminit diffuser sheets and films “clean up” and shape a light beam to suit a particular purpose, which makes it possible to achieve a smooth appearance or use fewer LEDs for the same effect. For example, LEDs are very efficient but hot spots and uneven light distribution remain a problem for lighting professionals. Our Light Shaping Diffuser® sheets homogenize and shape the light with 85% to 92% transmission efficiency, meaning less light loss compared to other diffusers. The above picture demonstrates options for LED strip diffusion and the effects of a 60° x 1° elliptical Light Shaping Diffuser® on an LED strip light. On the left are the bare LED diodes, and on the right are the same diodes with our light diffuser in front. The light is shaped by spreading the horizontal radiation 60° only 1° in the vertical direction (shown horizontally here). The result is the elimination of hotspots on LED lighting as well as CCFL, fiber optic and laser light sources, and a smooth, unbroken strip where the diodes are not individually visible.

Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x powers. When coupled with a 10x (most common) eyepiece lens, total magnification is 40x (4x times 10x), 100x , 400x and 1000x. To have good resolution at 1000x, you will need a relatively sophisticated microscope with an Abbe condenser. An Abbe condenser is composed of two lenses that control the light that passes through the specimen before entering the objective lens on the microscope. The shortest lens is the lowest power, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. Lenses are color coded and if built to DIN standards are interchangeable between microscopes. "DIN" is an abbreviation of "Deutsche Industrial Normen". This is a German standard that has been adopted internationally as an optical standard used in most quality microscopes. A typical DIN standard microscope objective lens has a 0.7965" (20.1mm) diameter threads, 36 TPI (threads per inch), and a 55º Whitworth. Many high power objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR). This means that if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and the slide. All good quality microscopes have achromatic, parcentered, parfocal lenses.

Armmicroscope function

Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage.

Applications: Compound microscopes are commonly used in fields such as biology, medicine, and research, where detailed examination of small structures is required. Other microscopes, such as stereo microscopes, are utilized for examining larger objects or conducting dissections. Electron microscopes are used for high-resolution imaging of nanoscale structures.

Sample Size and Depth of Field: Compound microscopes are designed to observe thin, transparent specimens placed on glass slides. They offer a narrow depth of field, allowing clear focus on one plane at a time. Other microscopes, like stereo or electron microscopes, can accommodate larger specimens or samples with more depth, providing a wider depth of field.

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Objective Lenses: Compound microscopes have multiple objective lenses mounted on a rotating nosepiece, typically with magnifications ranging from 4x to 100x or higher. Other microscopes, such as dissecting or stereo microscopes, usually have fixed magnification lenses.

Stage clipsmicroscope function

Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking things. You would only need to adjust this if you were using very thin slides and you weren't able to focus on the specimen at high power. (Tip: If you are using thin slides and can't focus, rather than adjust the rack stop, place a clear glass slide under the original slide to raise it a bit higher).

Stage with Stage Clips: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by turning two knobs. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down.

Objective lensmicroscope function

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Magnification: Compound microscopes are designed for higher magnifications, typically used for observing microscopic details. Other microscopes may have lower magnification capabilities, suitable for larger specimens or samples.

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1. Ocular eyepiece lens to look through. 2. Objective lens, closest to the object. Before purchasing or using a compound microscope, it is important to know the functions of each part. This information is presented below. Links will take you to additional information and images.

Diaphragmmicroscope function

How to Focus Your Microscope: The proper way to focus a microscope is to start with the lowest power objective lens first and while looking from the side, crank the lens down as close to the specimen as possible without touching it. Now, look through the eyepiece lens and focus upward only until the image is sharp. If you can't get it in focus, repeat the process again. Once the image is sharp with the low power lens, you should be able to simply click in the next power lens and do minor adjustments with the focus knob. If your microscope has a fine focus adjustment, turning it a bit should be all that's necessary. Continue with subsequent objective lenses and fine focus each time.

Compound microscopes and other types of microscopes differ in their design and functionality. Here are the key differences between compound microscope parts and those of other microscopes:

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Our Light Shaping Diffusers® are bending, shaping and enhancing light beams in automotive lighting, exterior/interior lighting, in stages and concert halls, projection systems, monitors and displays, bar code scanners, and more. Our LED diffusers are sculpting light in some of the world's most famous landmarks.

There's a reason Luminit is one of the leading light diffusing manufacturers in the world. We have the largest catalog of LED optical diffuser sheets and light bending material as well the most angles and formats available to diffuse LED lighting for architectural environments, bio-medical illumination, semiconductor metrology, aerospace, automotive, laser and display applications. Our optical diffusion technology is based on a very thin microstructure on top of the clearest substrates available. The transmission efficiency of our thin film and thick rigid diffusers is practically equivalent.

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Elliptical diffusers incorporate two different angles in order to spread light asymmetrically and diffuse one axis more than the other. Elliptical angle diffusers are help lighting designers highlight a specific area more than another area. Our standard elliptical diffuser angles for lighting class include 80° × 50° and 60° × 10° and are commonly used in hallways and specialty lighting to highlight a specific area. Stairway lighting is a good example of how our elliptical angles can highlight the walls but place more light toward the stairs for obvious safety reasons. Extreme elliptical angle, or linear, diffusers such as our 60° × 1° (i.e., 60° along the width and 1° along the length) are commonly used in wall washing, wall grazing, and cove lighting applications where the beam angle must not increase in one axis. We have a helpful blog that covers our extreme angle diffusers in more detail.

Luminit LED light diffusers precisely shape, control and distribute light. The patented holographic master recording process allows a variety of circular, or elliptical light patterns, and a wide variety of standard elliptical angles are available. To find out more about how Luminit light shaping diffuser film for LEDs can solve your next challenge, contact one of our light diffusion experts.

Microscopeparts and functions

Stagemicroscope function

Circular, elliptical, and extreme elliptical diffusers not only provide precise beam angle control, but our diffusers homogenize LEDs and fluorescent lamps and clean up striations for pleasing, human centric lighting.

Illumination: Compound microscopes often have built-in illumination systems, such as a substage light source, condenser, and diaphragm, to provide transmitted light through the specimen. Other microscopes, like dissecting or fluorescence microscopes, may utilize different lighting techniques or illumination configurations.

Luminit's Light Shaping Diffuser® is available in three type of angles: circular, elliptical, and extreme angle elliptical (also called linear). Circular angle diffusers are popular across multiple industries and spread a light source into a wide circular pattern depending on the angle selected. Our standard angles include 80°, 60°, 40°, 30°, 20° 10° and 5°. That is, if you purchase a 40° circular diffuser, the beam will be spread 40 degrees in every direction. This makes circular diffusers a popular choice for spotlights, downlights, flashlights, etc., where the light beam of LEDs is narrow (i.e., directional).

Eyepiece/Ocular: Compound microscopes commonly have a pair of eyepieces that provide binocular vision. Other microscopes may have a single eyepiece or sometimes no eyepieces at all.

Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year 1590 (more history here). The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (versus an electron microscope). The simplest optical microscope is the magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10x) magnification.

It's important to note that the term "other microscope parts" is quite broad and can include various microscope types with different designs and features. The above differences are generalized and may not apply to every microscope outside the category of compound microscopes.

Light is a form of energy that moves in straight lines. It also reflects off things, and that reflected light enters our eyes, allowing us to see.

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“Hotspots” and uneven light distribution are common problems with filament, arch, LED, CCFL, fiberoptic and laser light sources. Our LED light diffuser films smooth and homogenize sources while providing uniform light in critical applications such as LCD backlights, LED displays, machine vision, automotive lighting and viewing screens.

Basemicroscope function

You may not see the technology behind a Luminit Light Shaping Diffuser®, but you'll notice the effects of our optical diffusion lenses and light shaping diffuser film for LEDs. Light Shaping Diffusers® expand what’s possible with light using Luminit's advanced holographic beam shaping technology. Unlike conventional plastic light diffusion panels, Luminit's patented technology shapes light energy with holographic patterns embedded on polycarbonate film or rigid sheets. These patterns create a pseudo-random surface that can manipulate light by changing the direction of its energy. Available in both circular and elliptical formats, the diffusion ability of Luminit LED lighting diffusers is remarkably efficient, so high efficacy fixtures are possible. Many of our customers use Luminit diffuser sheets to diffuse LED strip lights to hide hotspots and produce a more uniform, homogeneous appearance. We also have the largest library of circular and elliptical beam angles in the world, ranging from 1° to 100° so there is an angle to tackle just about any application.

Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400x and above). Microscopes with in-stage condenser lenses render a sharper image than those with no lens (at 400x). If your microscope has a maximum power of 400x, you will get the maximum benefit by using a condenser lenses rated at 0.65 NA or greater. 0.65 NA condenser lenses may be mounted in the stage and work quite well. A big advantage to a stage mounted lens is that there is one less focusing item to deal with. If you go to 1000x then you should have a condenser lens with an N.A. of 1.25 or greater. All of our 1000x microscopes use 1.25 Abbe condenser lens systems. The Abbe condenser lens can be moved up and down. It is set very close to the slide at 1000x and moved further away at the lower powers.

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Luminit diffusers are popular in indoor and architectural lighting and can be found in some of the world’s most famous building, bridges, and structures. Our unique technology is also instrumental in high tech, display and automotive applications where we provide highly specialized Light Shaping Diffusers® and linear micro-prismatics.

Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. There is no set rule regarding which setting to use for a particular power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective lens in use.

Because the principle of surface scatter is used instead of volume or bulk scatter, our LED diffuser sheets have a much higher transmission efficiency (~92%) than a conventional LED light diffuser. Holographic Light Shaping Diffusers® offer superior optical transmission between 400nm and 700nm. Depending on the angle of distribution, Luminit LED light diffusers achieve between 85% and 92% transmission efficiency. The low backscatter of the diffuser structures are anti-reflective in nature and utilize light that would otherwise be wasted due to Fresnel loss. A clear piece of polycarbonate substrate is 89% transmissive. With a Luminit LED light diffuser added, transmission improves to 92%.  Note that Luminit measures transmission utilizing an integrated sphere with the Light Shaping Diffuser® structure incident to the light source.

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Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part of the microscope that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power.