Mid-infrared laser sources require special optical elements working at the relevant long wavelengths; see the article on infrared optics.

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TOPTICA’s continuous wave TOPO generates precise radiation tunable between 1.45 – 4+ µm with very narrow spectral width and extremely fine tuning, rendering it the ideal tool for spectroscopy of gas-phase molecules. The TOPO is a continuous wave optical parametric oscillator (OPO). As in DFG, a pump source and signal photons are mixed in a nonlinear crystal to perform downconversion, but in the TOPO the signal is self-generated by the efficient OPO process.

Recently, it has become possible to fabricate orientation-patterned gallium arsenide (GaAs), which allows one to obtain quasi-phase matching for difference frequency generation with a very wide range of output wavelengths.

This extension complements the compact 50fs-thulium-doped ultrafast fiber laser system and provides a high-power frequency comb in the mid-IR. The ultrafast mid-IR pulses are achieved through intra-pulse difference-frequency generation, which guarantees passive carrier-envelope-offset stability. The complete frequency-comb nature of the source can be achieved by controlling and stabilizing the fundamental pulse-repetition frequency of the driving laser.

Sacher Lasertechnik offers quantum cascade lasers with emission between 4 μm and 12 μm, suitable for applications like molecular spectroscopy.

Based on our fluoride active fibers, we develop fiber modules that are easy to handle and directly integrable in a final commercial laser system.

Depending on the spectral region, such lasers often cannot work with ordinary air in the laser resonator. One may have to use dry nitrogen, for example, or some other guys, in order to avoid the relevant absorption lines, which can be fairly strong in the mid-IR.

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The spectral region between optics and electronics lying in the mid-infrared is difficult to access. Nevertheless it is of great spectroscopic interest because it hosts the majority of molecular finger prints: important vibrational modes with energies in the spectral range of 670 cm−1 to 3400 cm−1 can be accessed by exciting the sample at wavelengths of 3 μm to 15 μm.

Together with COPL Laval University, we develop mid-infrared fiber lasers which are commercialized by our sister company LumIR Lasers. These fibers lasers are, for example, used in medical applications.

Another option for nonlinear frequency conversion is to start with a single near-infrared laser and pump an optical parametric oscillator (OPO), amplifier (OPA) or generator (OPG). The generated idler wave can then be in the mid-infrared spectral region. Some examples:

Before quantum cascade lasers were developed, large parts of the mid-infrared spectrum were accessed with various types of lead salt lasers. These are typically based on ternary lead compounds such as PbxSn1-xTe or with quaternary compounds like PbxEu1-xSeyTe1-y. The band gap energy, which determines the emission wavelength, is fairly small – below 0.5 eV – as required for long-wavelength emission.

Only few gas lasers emit in the mid-infrared region. An example is the helium–neon laser emitting at 3.391 μm with relatively low output power. Much higher powers are available from CO2 lasers, typically at 10.6 μm, but also at various other wavelengths such as 10.25 μm and 9.3 μm.

The mentioned atmospheric transmission windows can also be utilized for free-space optical communications with directed beams, e.g. from quantum cascade lasers.

There are sources based on supercontinuum generation, spanning a substantial part of the mid-IR region. Such sources can be based on certain mid-infrared fibers, through which intense light pulses are sent, such that strong nonlinear interactions occur.

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Alpes Lasers designs and manufactures a wide range of different laser types with wavelengths from 4 to 14 μm and powers up to hundreds of milliwatts. This includes FP, DFB, THz, frequency comb and external cavity lasers in the mid-IR. Additionally, Alpes offers uniquely fast and widely tuneable lasers with our ET and XT product line.

Our mid-IR tunable broadband light source is fully automated and designed to be highly customizable to deliver turn-key solutions meeting your specific needs. It is based on a 1 µm pump laser operating at 76 MHz, which drives an optical parametric oscillator (OPO, Levante IR fs).

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The Alpha covers a gap-free rapid tunable spectral range from 700 nm to 20 µm wavelengths, while maintaining high output power up to the Watt-level with femto- or picosecond pulses at several MHz pulse repetition rates. It provides multiple simultaneously tunable outputs with a selectable bandwidth from a few to 100 cm-1. Shot-noise limited performance above 300 kHz, passive spectral stability (< 0.02% rms) and wavelength-independent stable beam pointing (< 30 µrad) enable excellent sensitivity. In addition, each Alpha is equipped with a user-friendly ethernet and Wi-Fi interface and a matching graphical user interface (GUI) as well as easy to access API interfaces for e.g. LabView, Python, C++.

Eblana’s Discrete-Mode platform is both wavelength and material agnostic, and can be used to manufacture high quality and high performance laser diodes in the mid-IR for a variety of applications, including trace gas sensing and environmental monitoring utilizing fundamental absorption bands for highly sensitive detection performance. Eblana’s EP2327-0-DM Series laser diodes, targeting CO sensing at 2.3 μm, are now available to OEM customers looking to incorporate advanced laser designs into their detection systems.

The OPO generates signal and idler in the range of 1.32 µm to 4.8 µm. Both beams can be mixed in a Difference Frequency Generator (DFG, HarmoniXX DFG), providing access to wavelengths up to 15 µm. Moreover, such a light source can be extended with additional APE devices, such as wavelength converters, pulse pickers or pulse slicers, to further enhance its capabilities in terms of wavelength range, repetition rate adjustment or spectral bandwidth narrowing.

The main application area of quantum cascade lasers is in optical spectroscopy, for example in the form of laser absorption spectroscopy with the purpose of trace gas detection. Due to the very wide spectral coverage in combination with a relatively narrow linewidth, one can make sensitive instruments for the detection of a wide range of molecules. That is relevant in areas like environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics (e.g. for breath analysis).

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Typically, the Alpha is pumped by an ultra-low-noise Primus pump laser, which provides more than 8 W average output power at 1040 nm wavelength and 450 fs pulse duration at 42 MHz repetition rate. In addition, the Alpha can be operated with other pump lasers around 1 µm wavelength and enough power.

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Due to our modular platform, the Alpha can be adapted and optimized for various applications and is particularly suited for spectroscopic applications requiring a robust and reliable tunable radiation with low noise.

This article discusses those sources of mid-infrared light which emit laser-like beams. They may either contain a mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser or some shorter-wavelength laser combined with means for nonlinear frequency conversion. The mid-infrared spectral range according to ISO 20473:2007 is the wavelengths range from 3 μm to 50 μm.

There are also applications in infrared imaging, where one typically exploits the advantage that mid-infrared light can penetrate deeper into materials and generally exhibits much less scattering. Imaging may also be realized in the form of hyperspectral imaging, providing for spectral information for each pixel (or voxel).

Other approaches are based on nonlinear frequency conversion, utilizing the Kerr nonlinearity for four-wave mixing or stimulated Raman scattering. With micro-resonators, one can also generate frequency combs.

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In comparison with bulk lasers (see above), fiber lasers can be more easily operated on “difficult” laser transitions, e.g. requiring high populations of metastable states. They are also less prone to thermal effects such as thermal lensing. Therefore, higher average output powers are possible – often multiple watts or even well above 10 W when using double-clad fibers. For industrial use, such devices should be realized in all-fiber technology [19], i.e., without free-space sections in the resonator which introduce sensitive alignment and the risk of problems with dust particles. Nevertheless, commercial mid-IR fiber lasers have been developed which can be used in practical applications like laser material processing. Here, one exploits the high absorption of various materials in the mid-infrared.

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CNI offers lasers with many wavelengths, some being in the mid-infrared. For example, there are a CW DPSS at 3800 nm and tunable lasers at 3590–4940 nm.

Another possibility to reach the mid-infrared with fiber lasers is to use near-IR fiber lasers in conjunction with difference frequency generation (see below).

The choice of laser crystals and glasses is limited to those with fairly low phonon energies because otherwise the laser transition would be quenched by multi-phonon transitions. The output powers are tentatively lower than those for common near-infrared lasers, but more than 1 W is possible with careful optimization.

Fiber lasers based on erbium-doped fluoride fibers (or other doped mid-infrared fibers) can emit at wavelengths e.g. around 2.8–2.9 μm. Similarly, holmium-doped fiber lasers have been developed which emit around 3 μm [4, 9] and at 3.9 μm [3, 25], in addition to the more common region of 2–2.2 μm. Besides, one can using dysprosium-doped fluoride fiber for laser emission at 3.24 μm [30] or somewhat longer wavelengths [34]. In some cases, it is necessary to use additional rare-earth dopants which serve to depopulate the lower laser level via energy transfers because the used laser transition would otherwise be self-terminating.

ORPHEUS-MIR is an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) optimized for the efficient generation of broad-bandwidth MIR pulses. The laser system provides ultrashort pulses in the tuning range of 2.5 – 10 μm and reaches up to 15 μm with a narrow-bandwidth extension. Due to the novel system design, ORPHEUS-MIR provides < 100 fs pulses directly at the output. Signal and idler outputs are available simultaneously. The system architecture is well suited for high-energy and high‑power PHAROS and CARBIDE femtosecond pump lasers. ORPHEUS-MIR serves as an excellent high-repetition-rate source for spectroscopy, such as two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) and vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. Combined with the narrow-bandwidth output of SHBC, it forms a compact laser system for SFG measurements, covering most of the MIR spectrum in a single shot and providing high spectral resolution. In addition, its high output stability is the key to fast and high-quality SFG imaging. Furthermore, for MIR applications requiring CEP-stable pulses, ORPHEUS-MIR provides a unique CEP-stable option in the complete 2500 – 15000 nm range.

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Many quantum cascade lasers can be operated at room temperature, even continuously, although the best performance values are achieved for cryogenic cooling. The generation of short pulses with durations far below 1 ns is possible, although with fairly limited peak powers.

Ask RP Photonics for design services concerning mid-infrared sources like OPOs. You can also get the powerful software RP ProPulse, with which one can e.g. simulate sync-pumped OPOs.

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Menlo Systems mid-infrared lasers based on Menlo figure 9® patented laser technology are targeting the wavelength range from 1 μm to beyond 10 μm. Systems are available from single femtosecond lasers to full mid-infrared optical frequency comb systems. Applications range from sensing to high precision laser spectroscopy.

The revolutionary design of Stuttgart Instruments Alpha, characterized by outstanding low noise and passive long-term stability, is based on the fiber-feedback optical parametric oscillator (FFOPO) technology and results in outstanding performance and high flexibility at the same time.

Ti:sapphire-pumped stand-alone OPOs are also available. We develop on-demand customized broadly tunable lasers for specific spectral ranges and pulse durations.

Note that very different types of mid-infrared lasers exist, which are suitable for very different types of applications. For example, some can generate high output powers, which makes them suitable for laser material processing, while others have low output powers but wavelength-tunable narrow-linewidth output, which is suitable for applications in spectroscopy.

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Thorlabs manufactures a number of mid-infrared lasers, including the SC4500 mid-IR supercontinuum source and turnkey MIR QCL. These systems are offered alongside a portfolio of bare mid-IR fluoride fibers and patch cables.

Deuterium fluoride chemical lasers can emit very high powers around 3.8 μm wavelength. They are used for some military purposes.

The LEUKOS ELECTRO MIR is a new generation supercontinuum laser source optimized for the mid-IR up to ≈10 μm wavelength. It is based on LEUKOS' over 15 years experience in supercontinuum sources.

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Applications in non-metal laser material processing also become more and more practical due to the ongoing development of more powerful mid-IR laser sources, e.g. in the form of fiber lasers (see below). Typically, one exploits strong infrared absorption of certain materials, for example polymeric films, for selectively removing materials. For example, transparent conducting films made of indium tin oxide (ITO), as used for electrodes in electronic and optoelectronic devices, need to be structured by selective laser ablation. Another example is the very controlled stripping of coatings from optical fibers. The required power levels are often much lower than those e.g. for laser cutting.

Such devices can easily generate pulses with energies of tens of millijoules. The output wavelength may be tuned over hundreds of nanometers.

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The common silica fibers cannot be used in the mid-infrared. First of all, they exhibit strong absorption at such long wavelengths. Second, the high phonon energy would allow strong multi-phonon transitions to bypass the laser transitions. Both problems can be solved by using suitable other glasses – usually, fluoride glasses or chalcogenide glasses. See the article on mid-infrared fibers for more details.

TOPTICA’s ultrafast fiber laser FemtoFiber dichro midIR generates powerful radiation tunable between 3 μm – 15 μm that is ideally suited for spectroscopy and (nearfield) microscopy applications. Based on difference frequency generation (DFG) of two optically synchronized laser pulses at tunable wavelengths of 1 – 2 μm a highly stable broadband emission of approximately 400 cm−1 is generated.

If some tunable narrowband light is needed, one may extract the wanted spectral components from the broadband output with a tunable bandpass filter. In other cases, one utilizes the full optical spectrum. An example is optical coherence tomography (OCT). This is often done in shorter wavelength regions, but mid-IR light gives one the advantage of deeper penetration into materials with less scattering.

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A typical application of mid-infrared sources is in laser absorption spectroscopy of trace gases (e.g. medical diagnostics and remote sensing in environmental monitoring). Here, one utilizes the strong and characteristic absorption bands of many molecules (serving as “molecular fingerprints”) in the mid-infrared spectral region. While one can also address some of them molecules via overtone absorption lines in the near infrared, where laser sources are easier to make, it is advantageous to use the strong fundamental absorption lines in the mid-infrared for maximum sensitivity.

Quantum cascade lasers represent a relatively recent development in the area of semiconductor lasers. Whereas earlier mid-infrared semiconductor lasers were based on interband transitions, quantum cascade lasers utilize intersubband transitions. The photon energy (and thus the wavelength) of transitions can be varied in a wide range by engineering the details of the semiconductor layer structure. Even for a fixed design, some significant range for wavelength tuning (sometimes more than 10% of the center wavelength) can be covered with external-cavity devices.

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LumIR offers mid-IR fiber lasers, based on fluorine glass fibers, with up to 10 W output power and emission wavelength between 2.79 μm and 3.3 μm. They are ideal for medical, material processing and sensing applications.

For continuously operating lasers, the nonlinear conversion efficiency is typically quite low, and the generated output power is often even below 1 mW, which however is often sufficient for spectroscopic investigations. Much higher outputs are possible with pulsed beams, e.g., from Q-switched lasers, which of course need to be synchronized precisely.

Serving North America, RPMC Lasers ofers a selection of MWIR lasers from ≈3 to ≈8 µm including quantum cascade lasers, pulsed DPSS & wavelength tunable OPO/DPSS lasers. Our MWIR lasers are available at various integration levels from component to OEM to turnkey. With emission wavelengths in the primary atmospheric transmission bands, these lasers are perfect for IR countermeasures, as well as applications like LIDAR and LIBS. Standard and custom options available. Let RPMC help you find the right laser today!

Many mid-IR fiber lasers operate in continuous-wave operation. Besides, one can realize Q-switched lasers or use fiber amplifiers for nanosecond light pulses with substantial pulse energy in the mid-IR. Also, it has become possible to construct mode-locked fiber lasers in the mid-infrared, e.g. based on Er3+-doped fluoride glass fiber [20, 21].

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The Stuttgart Instruments Alpha is an ultrafast and fully wavelength-tunable frequency conversion system in an ultra-compact and completely passively stable system based on revolutionary parametric oscillator design which guarantees outstanding stability, reproducibility and shot-noise limited performance.

Unfortunately, the small bandgap energy also leads a substantial formal excitation of carriers at room temperature. Therefore, lead salt lasers generally need to be operated at cryogenic temperatures (normally well below 200 K, particularly for the longer wavelengths). They produce only low power levels (typically of the order of 1 mW), and their wall-plug efficiency is very low compared with that of shorter-wavelength laser diodes. Wavelength tuning over a few nanometers is normally possible via the device temperature.

In some cases, ultrashort pulses in the mid-IR are required, as can be generated with mode-locked lasers. For example, one may use mid-IR frequency combs in laser spectroscopy, or utilize High Peak intensities of ultra short pulses for laser micromachining.

High-power mid-IR sources are also used by the military for directional infrared countermeasures against heat-seeking missiles. Besides rather high output powers, which are suitable for blinding infrared cameras, broad spectral coverage within the atmospheric transmission bands (around 3–4 μm and 8–13 μm) is required, preventing the protection of infrared detectors with simple notch filters..

There are various attempts to develop photonic integrated circuits for mid-IR applications, e.g. based on the silicon photonics platform [26]. Unfortunately, it is not easy to realize mid-IR sources on chips, but various possible routes are investigated. For example, one may integrate light sources based on other semiconductors, although it is technically difficult, e.g. involving flip-chip bonding techniques. Another possibility is to integrate black body emitters (→ thermal radiation) or luminescent materials, although that does not lead to spatially coherent radiation.

A wide wavelength range in the mid-infrared region can be covered by difference frequency generation (DFG) in a nonlinear crystal, starting with two near-infrared beams. For example, one may use a 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser and wavelength-tunable 1.5-μm erbium-doped fiber laser and mix their outputs in a periodically poled lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal. When the fiber laser is tuned between 1530 nm and 1580 nm, for example, the mid-infrared output covers the range from 3493 nm to 3258 nm. (That range corresponds to the same variation of optical frequency as that of the fiber laser, but at long wavelengths this corresponds to a larger wavelength range.)