A working example, We have a light source whose total light produced (luminous flux) is 1000 lumens. If we could focus this onto the surface of 1 square metre we would have an illuminance of 1000 lux. However if the same light was spread out over 10 square meters, we would only have an illuminance of 100 lux.

The tutorial initializes with a randomly selected specimen image appearing in the virtual microscope viewport and a variable amount of illumination passing through the optical train, which has an intensity level dependent upon the (randomized) initialization state of the lamp filament. Two windows are utilized by the tutorial, and they can be accessed (toggled) using the Filament Alignment and Condenser Alignment radio buttons. The virtual microscope is assumed to be using a 10x objective to image the specimen selected either randomly at initialization or by using the Choose A Specimen pull-down menu. The Reset button can be used to re-initialize the tutorial (choose a new specimen and lamp filament position) without reloading the browser.

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As a general rule your workplace will have 1 of three types of light fitting, these are light sources based on heat know as incandescent, Fluorescent lights and LED’s. Each one of these produces light in a different manner.

In order to operate the tutorial, first select the Filament Alignment radio button to display the lamp filament in the microscope viewport. The Filament Control set of (three) sliders can be employed to adjust the lamp Intensity (ranging from zero to 12 volts), Focus (position of the lamp along the optical axis), and the Rotation axis of the lamp with regard to the lamphouse. In addition, the Filament Position sliders translate the filament laterally along the x and y axes of the virtual microscope.

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The easiest way to understand how light is measured is by picturing the typical light bulb with a filament that heats up producing light (Incandescent if you read the previous section). The filament is the source of the light and is at the centre of a sphere with light being emitted in every direction. The total amount of energy of all the light produced is known as the “luminous flux”.

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UV curing adhesive or often called light curing, photo-curing adhesives, are adhesives that cure when illuminated with light within a specific wavelength.

An alternative measurement of light is the foot-candle, this works the same way as lux except 1 foot-candle is 1 lumen per square foot.

The currently accepted method of microscope illumination was first described by Dr. August Köhler in the late 1800s, and is still widely (almost exclusively) employed for modern microscopes over 100 years later. Köhler's technique requires a collector lens in or near the lamphouse that can be adjusted to focus an image of the lamp filament at the front focal plane of the condenser where the aperture diaphragm resides. If the lamp filament image is properly centered and completely fills the aperture, then illumination of the specimen plane is bright and even. In order to ensure that the filament image appears in the condenser focal plane, the height of the condenser itself must often be adjusted (a technique reviewed in the tutorial). This critical adjustment brings two sets of conjugate focal planes (referred to as the field set and the aperture set) into precise physical locations within the microscope optical train, and maximizes the performance of the instrument.

When we measure light, we are interested in how many Lumens fall on a surface; this is what we know as lux. One lux is one lumen per square meter.

Feel free to skip this section, as it isn’t vital to understanding how to measure light correctly but is useful supporting information. Let’s try to keep this simple. Light is a form of electromagnetic energy that travels in waves. These waves have both a wavelength and a frequency. Human beings have receptors that can sense particular wavelength’s and process it into images. These wavelengths exist between 400 and 700nm. Individual colours are present around certain wavelengths. See below…

You may have heard the terms infrared and ultraviolet. Infrared is when the wavelength are longer that what we can see and ultraviolet when they are shorter. Both have uses in different types of technology. When energy is emitted across all 3 of these wavelengths at once we get what we know as white light.

Criticalillumination

You are probably familiar with the Lumen; this is the measure of light intensity people have generally heard of. The base unit of luminous intensity is the candela, (a single lit candle gives off roughly 1 candela). One candela per steradian (an area in a cone shape starting from the source of light) is known as a lumen.

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It state that the tangent of the polarization angle of incidence of a transparent medium is equal to the refractive index of the medium.

With the ever growing success of LED lighting a need has arisen for specialised LED Light Meters. LED lights produce white light very differently to incandescent lights. A traditional lux meter may give an accurate reading of 500 lux, but the human eye can’t visibly see all 500 lux and may actually only be able to see 300 lux. Ultimately this result in inaccuracies. You can get around this by using a specialised LED light meter.

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To better correlate lux meters to the human perception of light, they are configured to the CIE standard illuminant A. This adjusts the light meter to expect light distributed over wavelengths of a domestic tungsten-filament light.

Measuring light has become a common practice in various walks of life, from making sure your employee’s are operating in safe working conditions to checking lighting levels for photography or set design. Measuring light comes with a few considerations; this article offers a basic introduction to what light is and how it is measured along with a guide on how to use a Light Meter (Luxmeter).

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Perhaps one of the most misunderstood and often neglected concepts in optical microscopy is proper configuration of the microscope with regards to illumination, which is a critical parameter that must be fulfilled in order to achieve optimum performance. The intensity and wavelength spectrum of light emitted by the illumination source is of significant importance, but even more essential is that light emitted from various locations on the lamp filament be collected and focused at the plane of the condenser aperture diaphragm. This interactive tutorial reviews both the filament and condenser alignment procedures necessary to achieve Köhler illumination.

(If you skipped it, you may want to read section 1 of this guide) There are a few things you should be aware of when using a lux meter. This is mainly to do with the fact that different wavelengths of light are not sensed equally by the human eye. If all wavelengths contained the same intensity of light, the lux reading would be the same but the human user may see more light of a certain colour and the light could appear brighter.

The simplest way to measure light is to buy a light meter/ lux meter, the two phrases are often interchangeable. Light meters contain a sensor that converts the light energy into an electrical charge that can give the user a reading. They are typically small enough to be hand-held and easily carried about.

Once the lamp filament has been centered, focused, and brought to an operating potential of approximately 9.0 volts, click on the Condenser Alignment radio button to view the specimen and condenser adjustment control sliders. If the lamp filament has been properly adjusted, the specimen should be evenly illuminated regardless of the fine focus state, condenser height, or field diaphragm opening size. To align the condenser, first focus the specimen using the Specimen Fine Focus slider, and then use the Condenser Height slider to bring the field diaphragm iris leaves into focus. Next, use the Condenser Lateral Adjustment sliders to translate the field diaphragm iris opening to the center of the viewport. Finally, use the Diaphragm Opening Size slider to open the field diaphragm to its maximum size. If the diaphragm opens off-center, use the x-translation and y-translation sliders to bring the opening into the center of the field. Alternatively, the mouse cursor can be placed in the small window (containing a set of crosshairs) and used to drag the image of the field diaphragm (appearing as a white circle) into the center. After the filament has been properly aligned and the virtual microscope adjusted for Köhler illumination, the Condenser Aperture slider can be utilized to simulate how varying the numerical aperture affects specimen contrast and resolution.

Using the light meter is simple. After taking the cap off the sensor, simply place it on a surface where a task is carried out such as the centre of a desk. It is important the sensor is placed on the surface as this is where the light is reflected into the user eye and represents the true level of light they receive. Holding the light meter above the surface would produce potentially inaccurate readings. The lux reading should then be displayed on the display.

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Matthew Parry-Hill, Robert T. Sutter, and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.

Because of these adjustments, a standard lux or light meter is ideal for use in areas that utilise incandescent lighting. They can also be used for fluorescent lighting areas but are subject to a small error in measurement. This makes them ideal tools for checking lighting in most workplace environments.

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