If you're serving HTML, you'll want to render a template. The render() method renders a template and puts that content into a Response object for you:

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While a controller can be any PHP callable (function, method on an object, or a Closure), a controller is usually a method inside a controller class:

You can customize the validation groups used during the mapping and also the HTTP status to return if the validation fails:

Symfony comes packed with a lot of useful classes and functionalities, called services. These are used for rendering templates, sending emails, querying the database and any other "work" you can think of.

To aid development, Symfony comes with an optional base controller class called AbstractController. It can be extended to gain access to helper methods.

Thanks Stéphane Escandell (@sescandell) for being a Symfony contributor

A controller is a PHP function you create that reads information from the Request object and creates and returns a Response object. The response could be an HTML page, JSON, XML, a file download, a redirect, a 404 error or anything else. The controller runs whatever arbitrary logic your application needs to render the content of a page.

As mentioned earlier, Symfony will pass the Request object to any controller argument that is type-hinted with the Request class:

You can also customize the validation groups used, the status code to return if the validation fails as well as supported payload formats:

The redirect() method does not check its destination in any way. If you redirect to a URL provided by end-users, your application may be open to the unvalidated redirects security vulnerability.

The createNotFoundException() method is just a shortcut to create a special NotFoundHttpException object, which ultimately triggers a 404 HTTP response inside Symfony.

To return JSON from a controller, use the json() helper method. This returns a JsonResponse object that encodes the data automatically:

When creating an API and dealing with other HTTP methods than GET (like POST or PUT), user's data are not stored in the query string but directly in the request payload, like this:

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It is possible to automatically map request's payload and/or query parameters to your controller's action arguments with attributes.

If you build a JSON API, make sure to declare your route as using the JSON format. This will make the error handling output a JSON response in case of validation errors, rather than an HTML page:

In Symfony, a controller is usually a class method which is used to accept requests, and return a Response object. When mapped with a URL, a controller becomes accessible and its response can be viewed.

#[MapQueryParameter] can take an optional argument called filter. You can use the Validate Filters constants defined in PHP:

In every case, an error page is shown to the end user and a full debug error page is shown to the developer (i.e. when you're in "Debug" mode - see Configuring Symfony).

If the serializer service is enabled in your application, it will be used to serialize the data to JSON. Otherwise, the json_encode function is used.

Another possibility is to map the entire query string into an object that will hold available query parameters. Let's say you declare the following DTO with its optional validation constraints:

In order to view the result of this controller, you need to map a URL to it via a route. This was done above with the #[Route('/lucky/number/{max}')] route attribute.

Let's say a user sends you a request with the following query string: https://example.com/dashboard?firstName=John&lastName=Smith&age=27. Thanks to the MapQueryParameter attribute, arguments of your controller's action can be automatically fulfilled:

Like the Request, the Response object has a public headers property. This object is of the type ResponseHeaderBag and provides methods for getting and setting response headers. The header names are normalized. As a result, the name Content-Type is equivalent to the name content-type or content_type.

This attribute allows you to customize the serialization context as well as the class responsible of doing the mapping between the request and your DTO:

This way, browsers can start downloading the assets immediately; like the style.css and script.js files in the above example. The sendEarlyHints() method also returns the Response object, which you must use to create the full response sent from the controller action.

Make sure to install phpstan/phpdoc-parser and phpdocumentor/type-resolver if you want to map a nested array of specific DTOs:

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Early hints tell the browser to start downloading some assets even before the application sends the response content. This improves perceived performance because the browser can prefetch resources that will be needed once the full response is finally sent. These resources are commonly Javascript or CSS files, but they can be any type of resource.

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If you need a service in a controller, type-hint an argument with its class (or interface) name and Symfony will inject it automatically. This requires your controller to be registered as a service:

In other articles, you'll learn how to use specific services from inside your controller that will help you persist and fetch objects from a database, process form submissions, handle caching and more.

You can store special messages, called "flash" messages, on the user's session. By design, flash messages are meant to be used exactly once: they vanish from the session automatically as soon as you retrieve them. This feature makes "flash" messages particularly great for storing user notifications.

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The validation constraints are checked before injecting the UploadedFile into the controller argument. If there's a constraint violation, an HttpException is thrown and the controller's action is not executed.

If you throw an exception that extends or is an instance of HttpException, Symfony will use the appropriate HTTP status code. Otherwise, the response will have a 500 HTTP status code:

If you need to upload a collection of files, map them to an array or a variadic argument. The given constraint will be applied to all files and if any of them fails, an HttpException is thrown:

In this example, the associated argument resolver fetches the UploadedFile based on the argument name ($picture). If no file is submitted, an HttpException is thrown. You can change this by making the controller argument nullable:

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To facilitate the development of controllers, Symfony provides an AbstractController. It can be used to extend the controller class allowing access to some frequently used utilities such as render() and redirectToRoute(). The AbstractController also provides the createNotFoundException() utility which is used to return a page not found response.

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Technically, Early Hints are an informational HTTP response with the status code 103. The sendEarlyHints() method creates a Response object with that status code and sends its headers immediately.

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Instead of returning an array of DTO objects, you can tell Symfony to transform each DTO object into an array and return something like this:

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What if you need to read query parameters, grab a request header or get access to an uploaded file? That information is stored in Symfony's Request object. To access it in your controller, add it as an argument and type-hint it with the Request class:

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Technically, a controller can return a value other than a Response. However, your application is responsible for transforming that value into a Response object. This is handled using events (specifically the kernel.view event), an advanced feature you'll learn about later.

To facilitate this, different response objects are included to address different response types. Some of these are mentioned below. To learn more about the Request and Response (and different Response classes), see the HttpFoundation component documentation.

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Symfony provides an attribute called #[MapUploadedFile] to map one or more UploadedFile objects to controller arguments:

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