Light from below in a night scene can imply a sense of horror or evil. Whether this light is coming from a fire, theatre light, or computer screen, we tend to associate this effect with trouble being just around the corner. But it can also be used in more nuanced ways like in this very creative illustration:

Jeremy Booth has many more illustrations in this vector noir style well worth perusing—start with his most recent GQ Life Cover in the same vain.

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I’ve saved this as a sort of after thought, as I didn’t bother finding an illustration example of this lighting technique as it’s pretty much used for most portrait shots you’ve already seen as it gives very “even looking” results. The last part of this article even talks about why it may have fallen out of favor due to its formulaic or artificial result that doesn’t quite reflect nature. That said, it’s a standard and not going away, so it’s definitely worthwhile to understand the basics of how it works.

A cut-away of the light path of a phase contrast upright microscope. The condenser annulus is visible below the condenser which only allows through one phase of light. Above the sample plane the phase plate (or sometimes called phase ring) blocks one specific phase of light, and lets through any light that has been refracted by the sample.

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Also, for more detailed examination of things like specular reflection, diffuse reflection, transmitted light, etc., I’d recommend having a look at Improve Your Artwork by Learning to See Light and Shadow.

Darkfield microscopy is a technique to increase contrast in your image when the refractive index of your sample very closely matches the refractive index of your imaging media. The technique works by blocking the light that comes directly onto the sample, and instead relies solely on stray rays of light to illuminate the sample from the image border.

Light path of a polarized light microscope. Note the polarizing filter below the sample and the analyser above the sample which allow discrete polarizations through.

Also called edge lighting or backlighting, the notable result of this lighting technique is a sort of fringe of highlight alongside the edge of the subject. If you examine the top illustration I did for this article, you can see I placed a bit of rim light on my subject’s back of neck, with the idea that the light was coming through on that side.

In the images below, the fibers do not appear to have a lot of contrast (a), however when illuminated by darkfield microscopy (b) much more contrast is apparent. In some circumstances you have too much contrast (c) when using conventional brightfield, this can also be improved when using darkfield (d) where less contrast is achieved.

Most people prefer to draw or paint from locations where the light strikes the form sideways, reasoning that they can get the form to turn better with more of a shadow side…But they are missing something wonderful! Frontal lighting does tend to flatten form, but it gives power to the two-dimensional design instead. It gives your whole picture a striking postery impact.

A fill light can be towards a colored reflective surface and the hue of the reflected fill lighting will take on that of which is being reflected — think of light bouncing off of a reflective gel material on to the subject.

The color of the shadow is the sum of all the sources of reflected illumination, combined with the local color of the object itself.

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Ensuring the condenser is in the right position is vital for all of these techniques. To perform the correct alignment on the condenser requires a technique called Kohler Illumination, which examples and further explanations can be found here.

In a polarized light microscope a polarizing filter is added immediately after the brightfield light source and an additional polarizing filter is fitted above the sample before the eyepieces or image capture device. The polarizer below the sample is usually adjustable by rotation to select for different polarization angles. See the light path diagram below.

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You’ve probably seen effect with a figure standing in a light drenched hallway, or sun blast. For more examples check out this wikipedia entry.

As light passes through the sample where small changes in refractive index occur (eg the presence of cellular membranes) the two polarizations will be affected, and hence the interference will change, altering the resultant image.

Color and Light has some interesting conclusions about reflected light, specifically with regard to outdoor scenes given the sun and sky (warm and cool respectively):

In order to look at the following lighting techniques, a basic grasp of form principles should be understood. Since this post is inspired by James Gurney’s book, it only seems to make sense to defer to his blog post on this prerequisite background on Light and Form.

Essentially, you start with a dark room and a subject, add a primary light from in front and possibly slight angle. This is the key light. Now you add a light from the side, the fill light, also illuminating the subject, often with lower strength then the key light. It’s main job is to balance the stronger key light’s shaded surfaces, eliminating any dramatic cast shadows. Finally, the back light is placed from behind and, sometimes, slightly to one side or the other of the subject, with the goal of producing a very slight edge highlight to the subject to distinguish from the background from the wikipedia entry:

https://agnosticui.com/ creator. Freelance illustrator based in Austin. Portfolio: https://roblevin.myportfolio.com/ Commissions: roblevinillustration@gmail.com

Brightfield microscopy is one of the most basic light microscopy techniques whereby the sample is illuminated by white light that is transmitted through the sample onto the detector. There are different methods available to increase contrast in brightfield images (phase contrast, DIC, Polarized Light and Darkfield) which are available on different systems.

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Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopy is a method used to enhance the contrast of transmitted light images by using polarization of light. By the introduction of two Nomarski prisms (one above and one below your sample), light is sheered into two discrete polarizations which interfere with one-another at the sample plane.

Contre Jour — this is a sort of backlighting where the subject almost blocks the light such that the light appears to explode from all sides of the subject:

Example of a darkfield light path below the sample plane, where only stray rays of light are collected into the rear of the objective.

Brightfield imaging or transmitted light microscopy usually has very low contrast between signal and background, therefore there are a number of techniques available which will be explained below.

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Here are some examples he provides on the above linked blog post. It creates an opposite effect to rim lighting (which we’ll soon discuss)—instead of an edge highlight, you get an edge shadow as can be seen in the following:

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A related portrait lighting technique, named after the infamous artist himself, is Rembrandt Lighting. Essentially, one side of the face is illuminated with the other in fairly deep shadow less a small triangle under the eye on the cheek. It’s still popular today as it achieves a sort of dramatic affect:

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Lighting is a complicated topic and I’ve erred on the side of brevity, so here are some resources I found useful in case you’d like to go deeper:

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Previous in series in series: Conceptual Devices. Next in series: Noir. Also, you may like one of my other illustration teardowns.

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Polarized light microscopy is a contrast enhancing technique that improves resultant images where the sample being imaged has birefringent properties. This technique is often used for materials science, however can be very useful for some biological applications.

Rob Levin is a freelance illustrator. Portfolio: https://roblevin.myportfolio.com/ For illustration work enquiries, collaboration, or to say hi: roblevinillustration@gmail.com.

I’ve been reading the seminal book on color and light for artists by James Gurney: Color and Light: A Guide for the Realist Painter, and it has inspired me to do a post on lighting techniques as used in illustration — I hope you enjoy!

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Normal white light is unpolarized, however optical elements can filter only one specific polarization as per the image below.

Please note that all illustrations hereinafter, unless stated otherwise, are the express work of the artist I’m reviewing; I do not take any credit for their works! You can click on the images to visit the artist’s site!

There’s a way to draw or paint a simulated rim light effect manually which is very nicely exemplified in this video by Loish:

Rob Levin does technical things by day and illustration by night. You can view his blog at https://developtodesign.com and illustration at: https://www.behance.net/roblevin. Also, you may like to read more of the illustration teardowns articles.

DIC LightPath in an upright microscope. Here the two Nomarski prisms are visible above and below the sample stage. Note in this arrangement there is also a fixed polarizer and attached Quarter wavelength plate which allows you to rotate 90 degrees in the imaging plane.

Phase contrast microscopy is a technique used to increase contrast within transparent samples such as cells or thin tissue sections. The technique works by using an annulus at the condenser to only allow certain phases of light though the condenser and onto the sample. At the rear of the objective there is a matching (but inverted) phase plate, which blocks light let through the condenser annulus. Light that is diffracted by the sample will no longer be in the same phase and will bypass the phase ring and be directed onto the camera or imaging device.

If you’re in to film or photography, I’m sure this is nothing new to you. But if you’re coming from more of a drawing or illustration background, some of these lighting techniques just may help you to bring your images to life!

A spotlight effect can be used to effectively put focus on your composition’s focal point. For example, Malika Favre uses this lighting arrangement quite nicely to dramatically cast light on her protagonist in this Gotham City like night scene:

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